BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. XXV 1970 1971 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON : 1971 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. i . . . . . .27 May 1970 No. 2 21 July 1970 No. 3 3 July 1970 No. 4 . . . . . .11 September 1970 No. 5 . . . . .30 September 1970 No. 6 ...... 2 March 1971 No. 7 ...... 2 March 1971 No. 8 ...... 9 March 1971 No. 9 ...... 9 March 1971 Printed in England by Staples Printers Limited at their Kettering. Northants, establishment CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XXV PAGE No. i. A revision of the N.W. European species of Microplitis Forster (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). By G. E. J. NIXON I No. 2. A synonymic catalogue of the genera of Phycitinae (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) of the World. By P. E. S. WHALLEY 31 No. 3. The Amblycera (Phthiraptera : Insecta). By T. CLAY 73 No. 4. A revision of the world species of Chilo Zincken (Lepidoptera: Pyrali- dae). By S. BLESZYNSKI 99 No. 5. Re visional notes on African Char axes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Part VI. By V. G. L. van SOMEREN 197 No. 6. The type-material of Australasian, Oriental and Ethiopian Tachinidae (Diptera) described by Macquart and Bigot. By R. W. CROSSKEY 251 No. 7. A list of the type-specimens of Ephemeroptera in the British Museum (Natural History). By D. E. KIMMINS 307 No. 8. A catalogue of the Membracid types (Homoptera: Membracidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). By P. S. BROOMFIELD 325 No. 9. Gall-forming thrips and allied species (Thysanoptera : Phlaeothripinae) from Acacia trees in Australia. By L. A. MOUND 387 Index to Volume XXV 467 . r A REVISION OF THE I 4 N.W. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE) G. E. J. NIXON BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25 No. i LONDON: 1970 A REVISION OF THE N.W. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE) BY GILBERT EDWARD JAMES NIXON Commonwealth Institute of Entomology Pp. 1-30; 29 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25 No. i LONDON: 1970 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer Papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 25, No. i of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1970 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 27 May, 1970 Price A REVISION OF THE N.W. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE) By G. E. J. NIXON CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ........... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 3 THE GENUS Microplitis ......... 3 KEY TO SPECIES (FEMALES) ........ 4 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES ......... 10 REFERENCES ........... 29 INDEX ............ 29 SYNOPSIS The North West European species of Microplitis, in so far as they have been available to me in the British Museum (Natural History), are revised. These number twenty-eight species, of which eight are introduced as new. Two further species are placed in synonymy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MY thanks are specially due to Mr A. W. Stelfox of Newcastle, Co. Down, N. Ireland for having lent me some years ago his collection of Microplitis, now the property of the U. S. National Museum. I wish to thank also the following gentlemen for the loan of material : Dr Miroslav Capek of the Forest Research Institute, Banska Stiavnica, Czechoslovakia, Dr Max Fischer of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna and Dr Wolter Helle"n of the Helsinki Museum, Helsinki. The genus MICROPLITIS Forster In my revision of the Microgasterini I included Microplitis in my key to genera (1965 : 15) and made a brief reference to it on page 7. I made no attempt to split the genus into species-groups, though I remarked that this would need to be done eventually. I have not considered it either appropriate or practical to adopt such a course in this paper for the reason that the few species discussed, coming from a relatively small geographical region, do not cover the wide range of structure permitted by the generic definition of Microplitis. Being based solely on material I have had before me, the paper contains no reference to published host-records, since it is rarely possible to be certain, from the literature, what species of Microplitis is being referred to. Nothing, as far as I can discover, seems to be known about the complete annual life-cycle of the species occurring in N. W. Europe. Information is particularly needed not only about the range of hosts that the parasites may use at one time, but also what lepidoptera will be attacked when the next generation of parasites emerges. 4 G. E. J. NIXON Some species emerge when the host in which they have developed is no longer available at a suitable stage for parasitization. For example, sordipes leaves its winter cocoon in the spring, its hosts being acronyctid larvae parasitized the previous autumn. The cocoon, described in the text, is very characteristic in appearance. Now specimens of Microplitis, bred during the summer months from various hosts but spinning a cocoon quite different from that of sordipes, seem to be inseparable from this species. I am therefore suggesting that sordipes makes two kinds of cocoon, a tough, cryptic one in which to pass the winter and a simple one, thinner in texture and of generalized form, on emergence from its summer hosts. This view is supported by the available information. I am not at all satisfied that I have been able to define clearly the limits of some of the species, for example, viduus and ruricola, mediator and tuber culif era. These two pairs of species are still in need of study. With few exceptions, among them sispes, spinolae, xanthopus and ocellatae, species of Microplitis, as far as my own experience allows me to judge, can be determined only by rather subtle combinations of characters. In my companion paper on Microgaster (1968), I was able to announce that I had discovered several useful characters that could be used in the separation of species of that genus. Microplitis has proved more resistant and I have been able to find only one new character and this, I think, has no more than species-group value. This structure is referred to as a ' hair-line ' ; it is composed of a fine, raised line running longitudinally along the inner side of the hind femur, somewhat nearer to its dorsal than its ventral edge. Usually this raised line or ridge is beset along its whole length with a row of minute setae ; adjacent to it and parallel with it along its dorsal side are frequently two or three finer ridges. This structure is by no means always well defined. It seems to occur in the solitary species and is certainly absent in the majority of those species that I definitely know to be gregarious. KEY TO SPECIES FEMALES 1 First tergite distinctly, sometimes strongly, widened towards apex ... 2 First tergite not widened towards apex, parallel-sided or more often narrowed apically ............. 7 2 Hind tarsus entirely reddish yellow ; hypopygium strongly developed and ovipositor freely projecting (Text-fig. 28). Stigma bright orange-yellow on about basal third . xanthopus Ruthe (p. 28) Hind tarsus infuscate virtually throughout ; if not much darker than its tibia, then stigma dark throughout ; neither hypopygium strongly developed nor ovipositor freely projecting .......... 3 3 Second tergite with at least some trace of rugosity, more distinct on lateral third . 5 Second tergite polished and virtually smooth. Scutellum polished and smooth at least over most of its medial surface . . 4 4 Flagellum slightly longer and thinner, dark throughout ; its preapical segment a little more than twice as long as wide ; lateral lobe of the mesoscutum polished and smooth right up to the anterior brow ; scutellum extensively and highly polished, strongly convex and with very few scattered hairs ; fore wing without a cloud beneath the stigma ; mesoscutum without trace of a medial keel capeki sp. n. (p. 27) A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS 5 Flagellum slightly shorter and thicker, pale beneath ; its preapical segment only about one and one third times longer than wide ; lateral lobe of the mesoscutum dull because of fine surface sculpture ; mesoscutum almost always with a medial keel ; fore wing with a conspicuous cloud beneath the stigma ; scutellum less extensively polished, less convex and much more hairy . . sordipes Nees (p. 26) 5 Scrobes above becoming smooth, polished, the shining area reaching the level of the anterior ocellus ; ist tergite about one and a half times longer than wide apically. Stigma bright orange-yellow on about basal third . . spinolae Nees (p. 27) Scrobes above dull, rugose, without this shining, polished space ; ist tergite shorter, and usually more obviously widened apically ..... 6 6 First tergite shorter, more conspicuously widened behind (Text-fig. 2) ; 2nd tergite much more obviously, sometimes strongly, rugose ; mesoscutum usually with keel ; tegula brown or blackish .... ratzeburgi Ruthe (p. 25) First tergite less widened behind (Text-fig. 5) ; 2nd tergite with much weaker rugosity, often hardly indicated ; mesoscutum with at most a faint line of raised rugosity ; tegula bright reddish yellow . . . fumipennis Ratzeburg (p. 25) 7 Antenna very short ; ist segment of flagellum very distinctly less than twice as long as wide. Notaulices showing as deeply impressed, rugose furrows ; front femur short, swollen ; ist tergite distinctly a little widened behind . heterocera Ruthe (p. 10) Antenna rarely as short as this and then the ist segment of the flagellum is fully twice as long as wide and the notaulices are indicated at most by a band of dull rugosity ............. 8 8 Ovipositor sheath very thin (Text-fig. 29), freely projecting beyond the apex of the gaster by a length equal to that of the 2nd segment of the hind tarsus sispes sp. n. (p. 15) - Ovipositor sheath short, thicker, more or less concealed ..... 9 9 First tergite subrectangular; if longer than wide, then not obviously narrowed apically ; if hardly longer than wide and a little constricted apically, then with a rather smooth, flattened appearance (ocellatae) ; in any case, never more than one and a half times longer than wide . . . . . . . .10 First tergite usually markedly narrowed apically and terminating in a polished knob ; at least twice as long as its middle width. Notaulices not impressed or conspicuous though frequently indicated by a band of coarse rugosity ........... 22 10 Hind femur entirely or in greater part reddish or reddish yellow . . . . n - Hind femur varying from blackish to pale brownish yellow flushed with darker colouring along dorsal surface ......... 17 11 Apical ventrite with a deep, apical emargination (Text-fig. 20). Sculpture of mesoscutum much reduced, the lateral lobes strongly shining and smooth- looking ; ist tergite somewhat flattened and often reddened towards base ; tegula yellow ocellatae Bouch6 (p. 13) Apical ventrite not emarginate . ....... 12 12 Tegula reddish or reddish yellow ...... 13 - Tegula blackish ............ 15 13 Scutellum polished and almost unsculptured over its greater, medial part ; stigma somewhat short and wide (Text-fig. 22), its inner, proximal margin somewhat convex ; preapical segment of the flagellum hardly one and two thirds times longer than wide . sordipes Nees (p. 26) Scutellum dull, rugulose all over, even if weakly at middle ; stigma of usual shape, its inner, proximal margin hardly convex (Text-fig. 23) ; preapical segment of the flagellum fully twice as long as wide. Stigma entirely dark ; flagellum long, thin, tapering to apex. . . . 14 G. E. J. NIXON FIGS i 10. Microplitis, $ : petiole of i, mandibularis Thomson. 2, ratzeburgi Ruthe. 3, 4, tuberculifera Wesmael. 5, fumipennis Ratzeburg. 6, idia sp. n. 7, sispes sp. n. 8, capeki sp. n. 9, capeki sp. n., head (lateral). 10, ocellatae Bouche. A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS 7 14 Fourth segment of the front tarsus hardly one and a half times longer than wide ; stigma less attenuated apically, the metacarp slightly shorter ; vannal lobe relatively smaller ....... strenuus Reinhard (p. 22) Fourth segment of the front tarsus about twice as long as wide ; stigma more attenuated apically, the metacarp somewhat longer ; vannal lobe relatively longer ......... eremita Reinhard (p. 22) 15 Scutellum very coarsely rugose-reticulate, appearing intensely black and glistening. Scape reddish, except at extreme apex ; stigma brown, rather short and wide, its external margin showing 4-6 black bristles ; preapical segment of the flagellum hardly less than twice as long as wide ..... docilis sp. n. (p. 28) Scutellum without such coarse sculpture, though still rugose all over . . . 16 1 6 Flagellum somewhat short and thick (Text-fig. 19), the preapical segment about one and a half times longer than wide ; hind femur often darkened in places viduus Ruthe (p. 23) Flagellum longer, thinner, not bristly, the preapical segment about twice as long as wide ; hind femur usually entirely red ..... ruricola Lyle (p. 24) 17 Flagellum long, thin, the preapical segment fully twice as long as wide ; stigma entirely dark ............ 18 Flagellum shorter, rather thick, the preapical segment not more than one and a half times longer than wide ; stigma usually conspicuously yellow basally . . 19 18 Hind femur without a hair-line ; Scutellum shining and almost smooth idia sp. n. (p. 14) Hind femur with a hair-line ; scutellum dull, rugose all over . fordi sp. n. (p. 20) 19 Flagellum somewhat bristly (Text-fig. 19) ; large species, c. 3-5 mm. Hind femur with a more or less distinct hair-line . . viduus Ruthe (p. 23) Flagellum not at all bristly ; smaller species, not exceeding 3 mm ... 20 20 Stigma conspicuously marked with yellow at base ; hind tibia more or less uniformly dull reddish, without trace of apical infuscation ; hind femur without a hair-line. Setae of the gaster somewhat inconspicuous, often restricted to a single row on the tergites ; gregarious spp. . . . . . . . . .21 Stigma with at most the faintest trace of yellow at base ; hind tibia rather pale yellow with faint, apical infuscation ; hind femur with a distinct hair-line. Gaster conspicuously hairy ...... fordi sp. n. (p. 20) 21 Hind wing strongly embrowned, its basal vein deeply, almost angularly curved at middle (Text-fig. 12) ; front and middle femur markedly thickened ; inner spur of the hind tibia rather long. Scutellum almost polished ....... tristis Nees (p. 13) - Hind wing not thus embrowned, its basal vein only weakly curved at middle (Text-fig. 1 1) ; front and middle femur not markedly thickened ; inner spur of the hind tibia shorter. Flagellum frequently pale at base .... spectabilis Haliday (p. 12) 22 Hind femur in greater part, or entirely, blackish or dark brown .... 23 - Hind femur in greater part, or entirely, reddish or yellowish .... 27 23 Mesoscutum with greatly reduced sculpture, posteriorly without an area of raised rugose-reticulation, the general surface decidedly shiny. Head distinctly widened behind the eyes ; antenna short ... 24 Mesoscutum more strongly sculptured, posteriorly with a large area of raised rugose- reticulation that extends forwards along the course of the notaulices. First abscissa of the radius very obliquely placed on the stigma (Text-fig. 24) . 25 24 Flagellum very short, the preapical segment hardly one and one third times longer than wide ; femora short and thick, especially the front pair ; stigma yellowish on about basal third ; ist abscissa of the radius very obliquely placed on the stigma ; vannal lobe small ...... aduncus Ruthe (p. 12) 8 G. E. J. NIXON Flagellum longer, the preapical segment fully one and a half times longer than wide ; femora not unusually thickened ; stigma brown throughout ; ist abscissa of the radius placed almost at right angles to the stigma ; vannal lobe considerably longer than in aduncus. ....... naenia sp. n. (p. 14) 25 Basal third to two fifths of stigma bright yellow ; ist tergite tending to be narrowed only at extreme apex. Preapical segment of the flagellum nearly twice as long as wide ; inner side of the hind femur on apical half with narrow, longitudinal band of delicate acicula- tion ; hind tibia straw-yellow, without or with only very faint, apical infuscation sofron sp. n. (p. 21) - Stigma dark virtually throughout ; ist tergite gradually narrowed from base to apex .............. 26 26 Preapical segment of the flagellum hardly longer than wide ; hind femur without band of aciculation in apical half on inner side ; ist tergite polished and with only the most feeble indication of sculpture ; hind tibia reddish and becoming infuscate over fully apical third. Second discoidal cell deep (Text-fig. 24) .... lugubris Ruthe (p. 16) Preapical segment of the flagellum fully twice as long as wide ; hind femur with a well marked band of fine aciculation in apical half on inner side ; apical, horizontal part of ist tergite with strong rugosity ; hind tibia straw-yellow but becoming infuscate on about apical fifth ...... cebes sp. n. (p. 18) 27 All, or most, of basal half of flagellum yellow or reddish yellow and sharply contrasting with an entirely dark scape. Spp. with tergite (2 + 3) yellow or reddish yellow . ..... 28 - Flagellum entirely dark or if pale, then tergite (2 + 3) is entirely, or almost entirely, dark .............. 29 28 Flagellum short, thick, the preapical segment not more than one and a half times longer than wide ; hypopygium small, inconspicuous ; ist tergite narrow, fully twice as long as wide at middle, almost parallel-sided, dull and quite strongly rugose ; anal vein of hind wing reaching distinctly beyond the middle of the vannal lobe (Text-fig. 15) ..... trochanterata Thomson (p. 19) Flagellum longer, the preapical segment twice as long as wide ; hypopygium very large and strongly produced (Text-fig. 26) ; ist tergite broader and a little shorter than in trochanterata ; more obviously narrowed apically, less rugose and frequently in part reddened ; anal vein of the hind wing not distinctly reaching beyond the middle of the vannal lobe (Text-fig. 17) . . . calcarata Thomson (p. 19) 29 Flagellum pale on fully basal half ; ist tergite almost parallel-sided. Flagellum somewhat short, the preapical segment about one and a half times longer than wide ; hind tarsus virtually as yellow as its tibia tnandibularis Thomson (p. 15) Flagellum virtually blackish throughout, sometimes slightly pale beneath in tuber culif era. Spp. with ist tergite always much longer than wide, strongly tapered apically and ending in a polished knob ......... 30 30 Antenna very distinctly shorter than the body, its preapical segment hardly one and a half times longer than wide ; sculpture of the mesoscutum reduced, the lateral lobes shining and almost polished .... naenia sp. n. (p. 14) Antenna about as long as the body, the preapical segment hardly less than twice as long as wide ; sculpture of the mesoscutum not reduced, the lateral lobes dull and with fine rugosity everywhere . . . . . . . .31 A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS g 12 FIGS 11-20. Microplitis, $ : hind wing of n, spectabilis Haliday. 12, tristis Nees. 13, sispes sp. n. 14, sispes sp. n., head (dorsal). 15, trochanterata Thomson, hind wing. 16, idia sp. n., head (dorsal). 17, calcarata Thomson, hind wing. 18, tuberculifera Wesmael, : fore wing of 21, cebes sp. n. 22, sordipes Nees. 23, eremita Reinhard. 24, lugubris Ruthe. 25, spectabilis Haliday. 26, calcarata Thomson. 27, aduncus Ruthe, $, hind leg. 28, xanthopus Ruthe, $, apex of gaster (lateral). 29, sispes sp. n., $, ovipositor sheath (lateral). 12 G. E. J. NIXON Microplitis spectabilis (Haliday) (Text figs, ii, 25) Microgaster spectabilis Haliday, 1834 : 2 3^- Microplitis spectabilis (Haliday) Reinhard, 1880 : 359. Microgaster parvulus Ruthe, 1860 : 139. [Syn. Reinhard, 1880 : 359]. $. Tegula yellow. Wings often almost uniformly hyaline ; if the fore wing shows faint infuscation, then it is still strikingly paler than that of the related tristis. Head, seen from above, rather deep from back to front ; its upper surface evenly and, for the size of the insect, rather strongly rugose. Flagellum rather thick, somewhat smooth- looking towards apex ; preapical segment from one and one third to one and a half times longer than wide. Mesoscutum more strongly sculptured than in aduncus, a species of similar size ; its sculpture neither weak nor strong and hence not at all characteristic. Scutellum becoming strongly shining over most of its median surface and only vaguely sculptured. Stigma decidedly broad ; abscissa i of the radius never longer than the transverse cubitus, usually distinctly shorter ; vannal lobe small (Text-fig, n). Hind tibia, seen from the side, a little dilated before apex ; hind femur without trace of a hair-line. o*. Flagellum apparently always at least slightly paler beneath. Length : 2 -6-2 -8 mm. Material examined. GERMANY : Berlin district (Ruthe coll. in BMNH). ENGLAND : Kent, Bexley, long series bred 17^.1961 from Noctuid larva found ix.i96o (R. L. E. Ford] ; Gravesend, series bred .1938 from larva of Meristis trigrammica, found viii.1937 (R. L. E. Ford}. Hants, New Forest, series bred from Dyschorista fissipuncta (Lyle coll. in BMNH). MOROCCO : Gt. Atlas Mts., i <$ ; this male has the hind femur entirely yellow. Host : Dyschorista fissipuncta Haworth, now Enargia ypsilon Denis & Schiffer- miiller ; Meristis trigrammica Hufnagel, now Charanyca trigrammica Hutnagel. A gregarious parasite, spinning a loose heap of brown, unribbed cocoons. This species is largely characterized by the broad, bicoloured stigma and the general appearance of the 1st tergite. Another feature of some assistance in iden- tification is the dull, reddish or dingy yellow hind tibia with its complete absence of apical infuscation. The male differs from that of aduncus in not having the head widened behind the eyes. Microplitis aduncus Ruthe (Text-fig. 27) Microgaster aduncus Ruthe, 1860 : 129. Microplitis aduncus (Ruthe) Reinhard, 1880 : 359. , 3-8-4-0 mm, larger than tuberculifera. A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS 19 Type $. SWITZERLAND : Valais, near Verbier, 5000-6000 ft, 25-28^1.1959 (/. E. & R. B. Benson], BMNH. Further material, paratypes. AUSTRIA : Lunz, i $ ; S. Tyrol, Radein, i $, both in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. JUGOSLAVIA : Istria, Volosca, v., i <, i 9 in Nat. Mus. Vienna. CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Tatranska Polianska, Tatra Mts, 28. v. 1932, i $, in BMNH. SWITZERLAND : Valais, Les Haudieres, 4800 ft, 7.vi.i935, i $ in BMNH. I am confident that cebes is a good species. What characterizes it is not easily put into words, though size, long flagellum of female, shape of first tergite and especially the shortness of the ist abscissa of the discoideus all play a part. In general facies, the species is like tuberculifera and mediator but in having stronger mesoscutal sculpture approaches the viduus-ruricola complex. It is noteworthy that all the material available is from mountainous regions in Central Europe. Microplitis trochanterata Thomson (Text-fig. 15) Microplitis trochanterata Thomson, 1895 : 2249. <$ 9- This species is essentially characterized in both sexes by the narrow, parallel-sided, strongly rugose petiole ; the rugosity of the petiole has a charac- teristic evenness. The unusually small vannal lobe of the hind wing is also a feature (Text-fig. 15) ; the anal vein reaches very distinctly beyond the middle of the vannal lobe. In 25 Swedish males examined, the hind femur, with two exceptions in which it is flushed with red along sides, is entirely dark brown ; the middle femur is usually sharply darkened on about basal half. Palpi infuscate, never yellow as in mediator. Unlike calcarata, the mesoscutum along the course of the notaulices and within a large, posterior area, shows an intricate rugose-reticulation ; the granulate sculp- ture, so much a feature of calcarata, is absent in trochanterata. The general appearance of the petiole is remarkably constant in all specimens examined, of both sexes. 9. Striking on account of the appearance of the antenna ; the flagellum is thick, rather short, the first 8-9 segments bright yellowish ; the preapical segment is about one and one third times longer than wide ; scape dark brown. Hind femur with more or less distinct hair-line, bordered anteriorly by 2-3 delicate striations. SWEDEN : various localities in Skane, 25 , bred 25^.1915. All females recorded as having been bred from Euclidia mi differ slightly from fordi in that the preapical segment of the flagellum is always fully twice as long as wide. The ocelli, too, are placed slightly further from the eye, the distance between a posterior ocellus and the eye-margin being slightly greater than twice the diameter of the posterior ocellus ; in fordi, this distance is generally slightly less than twice the diameter of the posterior ocellus. The cocoons of specimens from Euclidia mi are exactly like those of fordi from Chesias rufata. It is possible that fordi parasitizes Euclidia mi as well as Chesias rufata in late summer, though I do not rule out the possibility that two very closely related species may be involved. I should incline more to this view were it not for certain females of fordi bred from Chesias that approach very closely these specimens from Euclidia mi in respect to the two characters mentioned above. Lyle, who named the specimens he had from Euclidia mi as viduus Ruthe (1914 : no page number) states that the parasites spend the winter in the larval state within their cocoon and emerge in April and May. This being so, the host Chesias legatella would be available to them. Males of Microplitis are always difficult to identify but I think I have correctly named the two from Scotland. Their having been bred from Thera juniperata indicates that there is still much to be clarified concerning the range of hosts of fordi. Microplitis fordi is very close to viduus, the main difference being the pubescence of the flagellum of the female. With regard to coloration, the rather pale yellow hind tibia of fordi contrasts sharply with the black femur and is a useful aid towards recognizing the species. Microplitis sofron sp. n. A small species, similar in colour to fordi, with which it may be compared as follows : $. Antenna rather thin with the preapical segment twice as long as wide. Raised, rugose- reticulations of the posterior part of the mesoscutum more in evidence than in fordi. Vannal lobe relatively smaller. Tergite i narrower and more obviously narrowed behind. cJ. Like the female and separable from the male of fordi virtually only on wing details. Length : Q* $, c. 3 mm. Type ?. SWEDEN : Skane, Loderup, vii.igaS (D. M. S. &J. F. Perkins), BMNH. Further material, paratypes. SWEDEN: Loderup, vii. 1938, 2 $, i<$. ENGLAND: Kent, Dartford Heath, 1-7/^.1958, 2 ?, 7 <$, v.1937. i <$, ex M. cespitis, i.vi.i949, i o, swept from flowers of Cytisus, i.viii.i937, i $, with cocoon but no host data (all fl. L. E. Ford). Hants, near Lyndhurst, 30. v. 1955, i (J. Clark}. ITALY : Laguna Venetia, i $ (G. Soika). SCOTLAND : MP, Duncaves and Ballingling, vii, 2 ? ; Aviemore, vi.vii, i , 2 (all A. W. Stelfox). IRELAND : Kildare, v, I , X ; Westmeath, Riverdale, vi, i $ ; Antrim, Bushfoot, vi, i < (all A. W. S.). Host : Melanchra (error for T holer a ?) cespitis Fabr. on the evidence of a single male. Cocoon pale brown, without obvious ribbing. 22 G. E. J. NIXON This species is characterized by the brightly bicoloured stigma and the obliquely placed radius. A comparison of data reveals that it frequently occurs with fordi. Microplitis strenuus Reinhard Microgaster gracilis Ruthe, 1860 : 142. Microplitis strenuus Reinhard, 1880 : 360 (n. n. for Microgaster gracilis Ruthe, 1860, nee Curtis, 1830). This species is extremely like eremita, differing from it by little more than the characters given in the key. But see discussion under eremita. Material examined. ENGLAND : Cambridge, Fleam Dyke, 20.vii.i955, i $ (R. L. E. Ford) ; Herts, Brickett Wood, 13. vi. 1943, i $, 17.^.1957, i <$ (R. B. Benson) ; Surrey, Dorking, 20.vi.i953, i <$ (G. J. Kerrich], Newdigate, 2 $, emerged 8.vi.i959, ex Episema caeruleocephala, collected 23^.1959 (M. Schaffer). GERMANY : neighbourhood of Berlin, type $, in BMNH. SWEDEN : Skane, Kivik, i8.vii.i938, i $ (D. M. S. &J. F. Perkins). TURKEY : Ankara, 3000 ft, 26.vi.i959, i $ (K. M. Guichard) ; this female has the hind femur extensively infuscate along the dorsal surface. Host : Episema caeruleocephala Linn. (Noctuidae). Cocoon rather small, evenly cylindrical, dark grey with greenish tint and without obvious ribbing ; hardly distinguishable from the cocoon of fordi from Chesias legatella but a little darker. Apart from its deceptive resemblance to eremita, strenuus is characterized by the combination of long thin flagellum and bright reddish yellow tegula. It is less heavily built and less strongly sculptured than the ruricola-viduus complex and the wings are much more nearly hyaline. Microplitis eremita Reinhard (Text-fig. 23) Microplitis eremita Reinhard, 1880 : 360. cj $. Tegula, hind tibia and hind femur bright reddish yellow. Wings almost hyaline ; only the merest trace of a cloud beneath the stigma ; stigma with only the merest trace of pallor at base. 9- The flagellum is paler beneath with the articulations of the segments showing as faintly darker rings ; in strenuus the segments are more uniformly darkened. Fore wing (Text-fig. 23). Material examined. AUSTRIA : 5 <, 2 $, all with their cocoon, bred from Litho- campa ramosa. One male and one female in BMNH ; rest in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Host : Lithocampa (now Callierges) ramosa Esper (Noctuidae). Reinhard records the host as Dryocampa ramosa. The moth occurs in Central Europe but is not known from the British Isles. The remarkable cocoon is greyish brown and appears unusually long because of a somewhat flattened, basal pad that forms an extension of the cocoon and by means of which the cocoon is fastened to a twig ; the cocoon proper bears three dark, transverse bands. A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS 23 The two characters that link eremita and strenuus are the yellow tegula and the long, thin flagellum. So deceptively alike are the two species that, without their cocoons, I should have regarded them as one. The seven specimens of eremita are all labelled ' Silesia '. Two are dated ' Decem- ber ' and two ' May ' and from this may be inferred, I think, that the species passes the winter in its very distinctive cocoon. The host-larva, C. ramosa, feeds in the autumn. If this host occurred in England, I should not hesitate to put forward the suggestion that a single species is present, spinning a tough, cryptic, winter cocoon (eremita) and a simple, unmodified, early summer cocoon (strenuus). How strenuus passes the winter is not yet known ; that it may parasitize an autumn feeding host related to Callierges ramosa and make a cocoon similar to that of eremita cannot be ruled out. Microplitis viduus (Ruthe) (Text-fig. 19) Microgaster viduus Ruthe, 1860 : 134. Microplitis viduus (Ruthe) Reinhard, 1880 : 358. $. The type is more than one hundred years old and is somewhat faded. The hind femur is brown but flushed with paler colouring on each side within apical half ; the hind tibia is entirely reddish yellow, without apical infuscation. Stigma evenly brown. Antennae missing. A bred series that I confidently believe to be this species (England, Bucks, Slough) differs from the type in that the stigma shows a bright yellow patch at base, covering about basal third ; the hind femur is black in all five females and the hind tibia shows weak, apical infuscation. In five females from the Eastern Mediterranean region (Greece, Cyprus, Palestine), the hind femur varies in colour from that shown by the type to entirely reddish yellow ; these females also have the base of the stigma much more extensively yellow than in the bred series from Slough but they agree with these specimens in the important antennal characters (see key) and (Text-fig. 19). Material examined. ENGLAND : Bucks, Slough, 5 $, bred viii.1939, ex larva of Hadena serena, found same month on Crepis vireus (0. W. Richards] ; Dorset, Wareham, i , 27^11.1954 (J. Clark) ; Kent, Bexley, i , vii.i945 (R. L. E. Ford}. GERMANY : neighbourhood of Berlin, type-locality. CYPRUS : iv, 2 $. GREECE : Mt. Penteli, v, 2 $. PALESTINE : i . Type in BMNH. Host : Hadena serena Fabr. (Noctuidae). Cocoon brown, without ribs or paler, transverse bands ; one of the cocoons is green. This species is clearly related to fordi, from which it differs in being much more heavily sculptured ; this applies particularly to the propodeum, which is much more coarsely reticulate-rugose in viduus than in fordi ; the structural details of the flagellum are abundantly different in the two species. In coloration and sculpture, viduus approaches much more closely to ruricola and here again, the only reliable differences are provided by the antenna. 24 G. E. J. NIXON I have found no satisfactory character for separating the male of viduus from that of ruricola. Microplitis ruricola Lyle Microplitis ruricola Lyle, 1918 : 132. $. Hind femur sometimes entirely bright reddish yellow ; sometimes darkened at base and apex but apparently never entirely black. Tegula black as in viduus. Stigma at most with a very faint, basal spot. As in viduus, the sternaulus in front, where it bends upwards, tends to lose defini- tion, its rugosities merging with the coarse sculpture of the mesopleurum immediately above the front coxa ; in this respect, compare strenuus. Material examined. ENGLAND : Hants, New Forest, type-series, bred from Anarta myrtilli (G. T. Lyle Coll. in BMNH). Cambridge. Herts. Kent. Surrey. GERMANY : Freiburg. Host : Anarta myrtilli L. (Noctuidae), host of type-series. Amphipyra berbera Rungs (Noctuidae) ; parasites emerged in June and July. Calophasia lunula Hufnagel (Noctuidae) in Germany. Of the type-series in the BMNH only the lectotype male has its cocoon ; this is greyish white with faint greenish tint and is similar to the nine cocoons preserved with the series of five females and four males bred from A. berbera. The only difference between this species and viduus that I think can be said really to have specific value, lies in the length and vestiture of the apical antennal seg- ments ; all other characters appear to overlap. It can be said, however, that most specimens of ruricola, whether male or female, have predominantly reddish yellow hind femora with uniformly dark stigma, while in viduus, at least in N. European specimens, the hind femur is black and the stigma shows a conspicuous yellow, basal blotch. The position is further complicated by the presence in the BMNH of a female bred from Hadena ochroleuca Esper (Eremobia o.) which has the flagellum, and colour of hind femur as in ruricola but a fairly conspicuous yellow spot at the base of the stigma as in viduus. There is also in the BMNH a male, bred from the same host, as the female, in July ; this male has the conspicuous pale spot at base of stigma as in viduus but the hind femur is predominantly reddish yellow with darkening only at base above. There is yet another male in the BMNH, bred from Anepia irregularis Hufnagel (Noctuidae), clearly conspecific with the above male but with the hind femur darkened at apex as well as at base and a much more conspicuous yellow blotch at base of stigma. These three specimens have the same kind of cocoon as the bred specimens from Amphypyra berbera and Anarta myrtilli. I am labelling them as ruricola in spite of colour gradations towards viduus. A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS, 25 Microplitis fumipennis (Ratzeburg) (Text-fig. 5) Microgaster fumipennis Ratzeburg, 1852 : 49. Microplitis fumipennis (Ratzeburg) Reinhard, 1880 : 358. cj ?. Tegula bright reddish yellow ; dark brownish in 2 <, i $, from Switzerland, Valais. Fore wing strongly embrowned ; more so on proximal half than in the related sordipes, though, as in that species, with a darker cloud beneath the stigma ; stigma with or without a yellow spot at base. Hind femur reddish yellow ; hind basitarsus, at least on outer side, as reddish over basal half as the tibia. $. Middle lobe of the mesoscutum without a medial keel ; at most with a faintly raised line of rugosities. Preapical segment of the flagellum about twice as long as wide. Scutellum tending to become smooth right at middle and here with a few, ill-defined punctures. Stern- aulus very coarsely rugose and losing definition in front, its rugosities merging with those of the mesosternum anterior to it. Hind tarsus somewhat tapered towards apex ; outer spur of the hind tibia very slightly longer than the inner one. Rugosity of the second tergite generally very weak, variable and more or less absent in the male. Length : $ $, c. 4 mm ; one of the largest species. Material examined. ENGLAND : Lanes, Burnley, i $, labelled ' ex geo. larva, v.'. IRELAND : i $, ex Acronycta rumicis, found 28.vii.iQ35, parasite emerged vi.i-936 (Stelfox Coll., now in U.S. Nat. Mus.). POLAND : 4 $, 9 <$, bred from Chamaepora auricoma, i 9 ex Acronycta rumicis. SCOTLAND : Aberdeen, i <$, i 9, bred v., ex Acronycta menyanthidis. Type in BMNH. Host : With the exception of the specimen from Burnley, this species seems to be confined to the genus A crony eta (now Apatele] and has been bred from the following species : A. rumicis L., A. auricoma Fabr. (Chamaepora auricoma}, A. menyan- thidis Vieweg. All the Polish specimens bred from auricoma are with their cocoons and bear various dates from October to April. These cocoons, like those of the single Irish example from rumicis and the Scottish examples from menyanthidis are large, greyish brown, with or without two or three indistinct, longitudinal ribs and un- usually broadly flattened along the side of attachment. This is certainly the tough, cryptic cocoon in which the parasite passes the winter. If the adult emerges in late spring or early summer, it presumably makes use of an alternative host before attacking its acronyctid hosts in the late summer and early autumn ; the single female from Burnley, without cocoon, suggests that this alternative host may be found among the Geometridae. Microplitis ratzeburgi (Ruthe) (Text-fig. 2) Microgaster ratzeburgi Ruthe, 1960 : 143. Microplitis ratzeburgi (Ruthe) Reinhard, 1880 : 359. Microplitis cerurae Matsumura, 1921 : 52. Syn. n. < $. This species has tergite i much more widened towards apex than fumi- pennis (Text-fig. 2) and tergite 2 much more rugose. 26 G. E. J. NIXON Material examined. JAPAN : Sapporo, i 9, in BMNH, bred from Centra lanigera. GERMANY : Baden, i <$, bred from Cerura sp., on poplar (Populus) ; Berlin Dist., i $, (Ruthe Coll., in BMNH.) These three specimens have the tegula dark brown. Type in BMNH. Host : Cerura lanigera Butler, Cerura sp. (Notodontidae). Cocoon uniformly brown, smoother-looking than that of fumipennis and without ribbing ; it is more cylindrical in appearance than that of fumipennis and more narrowly attached to the substratum. Microplitis sordipes (Nees) Microgaster sordipes Nees, 1834 : 167. Microplitis sordipes (Nees) Reinhard, 1880 : 359. $. A species characterized by the absence of sculpture over the middle part of the scutellum ; this becomes smooth, almost polished and with a few scattered punctures. Flagellum pale beneath. All the femora and tibiae bright reddish yellow ; front tarsus reddish yellow. Fore wing with a cloud beneath the stigma. Flagellum rather thick. Middle lobe of the mesoscutum with very weak, longitudinal keel. Sides of the scutellar disc with rugosity that merges very gradually into the strong costae of the lateral area. Tergite i about one and one third times longer than its middle width and evenly rugose. Material examined. ENGLAND : Bucks, Slough, i $, from cocoon collected I7.ix.i946; adult emerged iv. 1947 (0. W. Richards). GERMANY. POLAND: 2<$<$, bred from Acronycta rumicis (Wiackowski). FINLAND : Kyarvi, i -, labelled ' 8.ix.i939, ex larva of Pygaera pigra (Mus. Helsinki) ; Ta. Saaksmaki, i -> 21. xi. 1936, ex Acronycta psi (Mus. Helsinki). CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Junovice, i -> 17-x. 1950, ex Pygaera anachoreta (M. Capek) ; BOHEMIA : Praha-Ruzyne, i $, 25. xi, ex Acronycta psi L. (M. Capek). Host : Acronycta psi L. ; Acronycta rumicis L. (Acronyctidae). Pygaera ana- choreta Fabr. ; Pygaera pigra Hufnagel (Notodontidae). The larvae of all these moths show a certain degree of hairiness ; this may play an important part in host-selection by the parasite. Cocoon of very characteristic appearance, rather small, barrel-shaped, grey with brown ends and a brown, medial band ; usually fastened to a thin twig. Being brown-banded, the cocoon bears a superficial resemblance to that of eremita. Although I have seen only seven cocoons of sordipes, these were all found in the autumn, with adults emerging the following spring. Their tough texture and cryptic coloration suggest an adaptation to winter conditions. I provisionally include in my concept of sordipes a series of specimens bred during the summer months that make a cocoon entirely different from that of typical sordipes. These cocoons are evenly fusiform, thin in texture, pale grey with greenish tint or, more rarely, entirely greenish. The insects emerging from them and which I am unable to separate satisfactorily from sordipes I am labelling as ' sordipes, summer generation '. The material is as follows : CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Holic, i $, 10^.1967, ex Scopelosoma satellitia (M. Capek) ; Banska Stiavnica, i ., i6.vii-i.viii, ex Acronycta psi (M. Capek) ; Zap. Nemecke, A REVISION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MICROPLITIS 27 i , i.viii.i963, ex Acronycta alni (M. Capek). ENGLAND : Surrey, Godalming, i cJ, bred 7.viii.i946 from cocoon found 25.vii.i946 ; Gloucester, Shalford, i <, bred 3.vii. from Noctuid larva on Glyceria aquatica (0. W. Richards}. FINLAND : Jomala, i $ (W. Hellen). JAPAN : Sapporo, i , exPorthesia similis (C. Watanabe). Host : Acronycta alni L., Acronycta psi L., Scopelosoma satellitia L. (now Eupsilia transversa L.) ; all Noctuidae. Porthesia similis Fuessly (Lymantriidae). In ascribing two different types of cocoon to sordipes, I have taken a course of action that helps me out of a taxonomic difficulty but at the same time finds some support in the available information. Nevertheless, I do not exclude the possibility that I have been unable to separate two closely related species. Microplitis spinolae (Nees) Microgaster spinolae Nees, 1934 : J 66. Microplitis spinolae (Nees) Reinhard, 1880 : 358. $. Basal half of ventral surface of gaster yellow. Hind femur and hind tibia entirely reddish yellow. Flagellum long, slightly tapered apically, the preapical segment fully twice as long as wide. Distribution. N. W. EUROPE and eastwards as far as PERSIA and DAGHESTAN on the material available for examination. Host unknown. This species is rather easily recognized by the antennal scrobes above being smooth and polished ; the shining, unsculptured zone sometimes reaches as far as the posterior ocelli. Once appreciated, this feature will alone separate spinolae from all the other large species of similar coloration. Microplitis capeki sp. n. (Text-figs 8, 9) $. In general body form and shape of first tergite extremely like sordipes. Fore wing to the naked eye faintly but evenly brownish ; the absence of a dark cloud beneath the stigma makes the fore wing of this species markedly different in appearance from that of sordipes. Hind femur and hind tibia entirely red. Flagellum only faintly paler beneath. In a lateral view of the head, the temple is almost angled (Text-fig. 9), a feature absent in sordipes. The polished scutellum is more broadly triangular than in sordipes and occupies virtually the whole of the disc ; in sordipes, the polished area is more narrowed behind and has a broader area of rugosity along the lateral margin. Tergite i not, or only very slightly, widened towards apex (Text-fig. 8). Length : c. 3-8 mm, a little smaller than sordipes. Type $. CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Veseli, 13^1.1954, ex Hypogymna morio (leg. Netopil), (in coll. Capek). Paratypes. Three females, same data. Host : Hypogymna morio L. (now Penthophera morio) (Lymantriidae). A solitary parasite making a bright grass-green cocoon. 28 G. E. J. NIXON With its long thin antenna, this species is much like strenuus, but strenuus has a dull, sculptured mesoscutum and scutellum and the first tergite is slightly longer arid narrower. Microplitis xanthopus (Ruthe) (Text-fig. 28) Microgaster xanthopus Ruthe, 1860 : 147. Microplitis xanthopus (Ruthe) Reinhard, 1880 : 358. 9. Easily recognized on the characters given in the key. The flagellum is rather thick, with the preapical segment about one and a half times longer than wide. The scutellum is dull and strongly rugose all over. The 2nd tergite shows a variable amount of rugosity and in some specimens is almost absent. I > > DASYUROIDEA RECENT PERAMELOIDEA . \\ \ ; *\\ \\ EOCENE PALAEOGENE / ' .CRETACEOUS FIG. g. A family tree of marsupials. Adapted from Ride, 1964. To agree with the text Simpson's superfamilies have been used for Ride's orders : Dasyuroidea for Mar- supicarnivora ; Perameloidea for Peramelina ; Phalangeroidea for Diprotodonta. THE AMBLYCERA 95 of the Australian marsupials was comparatively late and that it arose from an avian menoponid stock, as suggested without elaboration by Ewing, 1929. This stock might have become established on an ancestral stock of Phalangeroidea, on which superfamily the diversity took place ; the parasites now found on the other two superfamilies being due to secondary infestations. The ancestral stock giving rise to the Boopidae would have had the M-group characters (Table i) and probably most of the A-group characters now found in the Menoponidae and Boopidae. Waterhouse (1953 : 266) has shown that in Heterodoxus species (Boopidae) there is re-gurgitation of fluid from the midgut to the crop, a charac- teristic feature of the digestion of the feather-eating Menoponidae and Philopteridae, but absent in Gliricola and Damalinia, perhaps suggesting a not too distant feather- eating ancestor for Heterodoxus. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 MENOPONIDAE M M M m m BOOPIDAE A a-d M M D A m-+ M m 1-m n LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE DAAAAmDMA AAMMmLALD RICINIDAE AALLA + D M A DAMM+ LLLD TRIMENOPONIDAE D D D a-d D L a-1 a-1 D PROTOGYROPINAE D D D D D D GYROPINAE D D A a-d a-d D a-d A A a-1 D GLIRICOLINAE D D D a-d A a-1 D TABLE i. Characters of the Amblyceran Families. A, Probable proto-amblyceran char- acter in all species ; a, in most species. M, Probable proto-menoponid character (derived) in all species ; m, in most species. D, Derived character in all species ; d, in most species. L, Character absent. T, Character different. V (at top of column), Character although derived may have been acquired independently in the different groups. i, Antenna, A, 5-segmented. 2, Sensilla coeloconica, A, 2-3 with separate surface openings; D, 4 with i, 2 or 4 surface openings. 3, Labial palpi, A, present. 4, Labial palpus with 5 terminal setae, A. 5, Maxillary palpus, A, 4-segmented. 6, Setal pattern of head. 7, Mesonotum, A, independent. 8, Coxa I, M, antero-posteriorly extended. 9, Tarsal claws, A, 2 on legs II & III. 10, Tergum I, A, independent, n, Abdominal spiracles, A, six pairs. 12, Position of post-spiracular setal complex, M, on central tergites. 13, Pair of subterminal setae on maxillary palp. 14, Temple setae 26 & 27 with alveoli contiguous. 15, Subocular comb-row, M, present. 16, Transverse pronotal carina, A, present. 17, Typical oblong postnotum. A, present. 18, Tentorial bridge, A, fully sclerotized. 96 THERESA CLAY The Trimenoponidae and Gyropidae might have been descended from a common amblyceran stock, probably avian-infesting, which became established first on the S. American marsupials giving rise to the Trimenoponidae. Perhaps part of this stock, before great divergence had taken place, became established on the New World Hystricomorph rodents, giving the Gyropidae ; secondary infestation by Trimenoponidae on this group of rodents would also have taken place. It can be postulated that the Hystricomorphs arrived in S. America without any Amblyceran parasites. This hypothesis would explain the presence of both Trimenoponidae and Gyropidae on the New World Hystricomorphs and the absence of members of both families on any of the Old World Mammals. The Gyropidae were also able to establish themselves on other mammals which entered S. America at a later date. Vanzolini and Guimaraes (1955) have given a full account and discussion of the distribution of the lice of South American mammals. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE BOOPIDAE 2 1 Post-spiracular setae on segments II-IV modified as trichobothria ; maxillary palpus 4-segmented .......... 2 Post-spiracular setae on segments II-IV unmodified ; maxillary palpus 2- or 3-segmented. ........... 6 2 (i) Spinous process arising near base of each maxillary palpus ; spiracles on central tergal plates (Text-fig. 4) ......... 3 Head without such spinous processes ; spiracles not on central tergal plates . 4 3 (2) Abdominal lateral plates of VII & VIII broad and darkly pigmented MA CR OP O PHIL A Abdominal lateral plates of VII & VIII not as above . . HETERODOXUS 4 (2) Pair of short, stout spiniform gular setae ; segments I-VIII each with pair of stout spiniform setae on tergites (Text-fig. 5) and sternites ; abdominal lateral plates partly divided by suture (Text-fig. 5) . PARAHETERODOXUS Without such gular setae ; segments I-VIII without such spiniform setae ; lateral plates not so divided ......... 5 5 (4) Head with sinus occipitalis (sensu Keler in press) forming dorsal horizontal line across head immediately caudad to occipital setae (21-23) ; plantar pulvillus of tarsal claws with freely projecting point. . PHACOGALIA Head without sinus occipitalis ; plantar pulvillus without projecting point BO OP I A 6 (i) Maxillary palpus 2 -segmented ; ocular seta on process . LATUMCEPHALUM Maxillary palpus 3-segmented ; ocular seta not on process . PARABOOPIA THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHTHIRAPTERA It is generally accepted that the Phthiraptera are derived from a Psocopteran ancestor but there is controversy on the relationships of the groups within the order. Konigsmann, 1960 has made a wide review of the literature and given a full discussion of the characters in which the Phthiraptera resemble the Psocoptera. He considers the Phthiraptera to be a monophyletic group and not descended from more than one Psocid ancestor. Further, he has considered in detail the evidence lor the view expressed by various authors (Harrison, 1928 ; Webb, 1946 and Hopkins, 1949) 2 This is a simplified key including some of the characters used by Keler (in press) ; this author has been followed in recognizing Macrophila andPhacogalia as genera, although it is perhaps doubtful whether this serves any useful purpose. THE AMBLYCERA 97 that the Anoplura are more nearly related to the Ischnocera than either is to the Amblycera. Konigsmann considers that the evidence supports this view and that the Phthiraptera can be divided into two main groups : the Amblycera on one side and a group A on the other ; this latter group comprises the Ischnocera, Rhyncho- phthirina and the Anoplura. Additional evidence strengthening this view which has emerged from the present study is the similarity of the antennal sense organs in the species belonging to group A and their difference from those of the Amblycera and the different origins of the ' gonapophyses ' in the two groups. It seems probable that the Mallophaga (Amblycera and Ischnocera) are not monophyletic and the present nomenclature of the groups within the Phthiraptera does not therefore reflect the true state of the relationships. The most satisfactory way of amending this would be to drop the name ' Mallophaga ' and have four sub- orders within the Phthiraptera as follows : Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchoph- thirina and Anoplura. KEY TO GROUPINGS IN THE PHTHIRAPTERA 1 Third antennal segment pedunculate ; maxillary palpus present. Post-spiracular seta of at least one abdominal segment with 2 minute associated setae or rarely with single minute circular sensillum only, in which case only one tarsal claw on legs II and III . . . Amblycera 2 Third antennal segment not pedunculate ; maxillary palpus absent. Post-spiracular setae without 2 minute associated setae .... 9 2 (i) Spiracles absent on segment VIII (5 pairs) ....... 3 Spiracles present on segment VIII (6 pairs) ...... 4 3 (2) Two tarsal claws on legs II & III . . . . TRIMENOPONIDAE One tarsal claw on legs II & III GLIRICOLINAE 4 (2) One tarsal claw on legs II & III ........ 5 Two tarsal claws on legs II & III ........ 6 5 (4) At least one pair of legs strongly modified for clasping hair . GYROPINAE Legs not modified for clasping hair (single unmodified claw on each leg) PRO TOG YROPINAE 6 (4) Labial palpi undeveloped ; labrum with hyaline extension each side (pulvinus) ; meso- and metanotum and tergum I fused together . . RICINIDAE Labial palpi at least one-segmented ; no pulvinus ; meso- and metanotum and tergum I not all fused together ....... 7 7 (6) Temples with area of sculpturing with outer rows of peg-like projections (PI. 4, fig. 23) ; venter of 3rd femur and some sternites with patches of microtrichia of characteristic form (PL 4, fig. 22) ; meso- and metanotum fused LAEMOBO THRIIDAE Temples without such sculpturing ; venter of 3rd femur and sternites without such patches of microtricha ; meso- and metanotum not fused ... 8 8 (7) Mesonotum with pair of seta-bearing protruberances ; tergum I fused to metanotum BOOPIDAE Mesonotum without pair of seta-bearing protuberances ; tergum I not fused to metanotum . . . MENOPONIDAE 9 (i) Piercing mouthparts (sac containing 3 stylets) ; pronotum not apparent Anoplura Manibulate mouthparts ; pronotum reduced or fully developed . . . 10 10 (9) Mandibles borne at end of long proboscis . . . Rhynchophthirina Mandibles not borne at end of long proboscis .... Ischnocera 98 THERESA CLAY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to many persons for the provision of specimens and other assistance ; these include : T. H. G. Aitken, J. H. Calaby, K. C. Emerson, J. E. Hill, P. N. Lawrence and especially the staff of the British Museum (N.H.) Electron Microscope Unit. I am also grateful to Dr B. K. Tandan for much profitable discussion, and to members of the Mammal Section and to Mr C. Moreby for the collection of material from dried skins. REFERENCES In order to save space and repetition the authors of genera and species included in Hopkins & Clay, 1952, 1953 and 1955 and Ferris, 1951 are not cited and those papers listed in Keler, 1960 and Clay, 1969 are not included. CLAY, T. 1969. A key to the genera of the Menoponidae (Amblycera : Mallophaga : Insecta). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 24 : 1-26. FERRIS, G. F. 1951. The Sucking Lice. Mem. Pacif. Cst ent. Soc. 1 : 1-320. KELER, S. VON. 1960. Bibiographie der Mallophagen. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 36 : 146-403. In press. Revision of Australian Boopidae (Insecta : Phthiraptera) . KONIGSMANN, E. 1960. Zur Phylogenie der Parametabola. Beitr. Ent. 10 : 705-744. MURRAY, M. D. 1957. The distribution of the eggs of mammalian lice on their hosts. I. Aust. J. Zool. 5 : 13-18. NELSON, R. C. & PRICE. 1965. The Laemobothrion (Mallophaga) of the Falconiformes. J. med. Ent. Honolulu 2 : 249-257. RIDE, W. D. 1964. A Review of Australian fossil marsupials. // R. Soc. W. Aust. 47 : 97- 131- SIMPSON, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 85 : 1-250. THERESA R. CLAY, D.Sc. Department of Entomology BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W-7 PLATE i FIG. i. Heterodoxus longitarsus. Terminal segments of antenna, X 980. S, sensillum coeloconicum on 2nd segment. FIG. 2. Ricinus elongatus. Terminal segments of antenna, X 933. FIG. 3. Laemobothrion (L.) vulturis. Terminal segments of antenna, X 620. FIG. 4. Gryopus ovalis. Antennal sense organ, x 3870. FIG. 5. Macrogyropus dicotylis. Terminal antennal segment, X 734. FIG. 6. Gyropus sp. from Cercomys canicularis. Terminal antennal segment, X 8400. Bull. Br. A/MS. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25, 3 PLATE i PLATE 2 FIG. 7. Phtheiropoios wetmori. Part of antennal sense organ, X 8334. FIG. 8. Macrogyropus amplexans. Terminal segment of antenna, X 1200. FIG. 9. Gliricola porcelli. Antennal sense organ, X 4934. FIG. 10. Cummingsia sp. Antennal sense organ, X 3334. FIG. ii. Trimenopon (Philandesia) chinchillae. Antennal sense organ, X 7334. FIG. 12. Trimenopon (T.) hispidum. Antennal sense organ, X 1600. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25, 3 PLATE 2 PLATE 3 FIG. 13. Pitrufquenia coy pus. Antennal sense organ, x 5067. FIG. 14. Harrisonia sp. Antennal sense organ, x 5373. FIG. 15. Goniodes lagopi. 4th and 5th antennal segments, X 667. FIG. 16. Naubates prioni. 4th and 5th antennal segments, X 1400. FIG. 17. Trichodectes melis. Antennal sense organ on terminal segment, X 1300. FIG. 1 8. Trichodectes melis. One of the circular areas shown in fig. 17, X 10,334. Bull. BY. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25, 3 PLATE 3 PLATE 4 FIG. 19. Haematomyzus elephantis. Sense organ of 5th antennal segment, x 4667. FIG. 20. Haematomyzus elephantis. Upper circular sense organ of fig. 19, X 9333. FIG. 21. Haematomyzus elephantis. Sense peg and surrounding filaments from terminal antennal segment, X 15,334. FIG. 22. Laemobothrion (L.) vulturis. Combs from abdominal sternites, X 867. FIG. 23. Laemobothrion (Eulaemobothrion] chloropodis. Edge of temple, X 886. FIG. 24. Laemobothrion (L.) vulturis. Distal end of tibia, X 400. Bull. BY. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25, 3 PLATE 4 PLATE 5 FIG. 25. Boopia grandis. Second tarsus of second leg, X 440. FIG. 26. Heterodoxus longitarus. Meso- and metanotum and terga I and II, X 140. s, mesonotal protuberance with spiniform seta ; m, metanotum ; t, tergum I. FIG. 27. Paraheterodoxus insignis. Parts of lateral plates and tergites of segments III, IV and V, X 161. FIG. 28. Trinoton sp. Lateral plate of nymph, X 440 ; c, post-spiracular seta. FIG. 29. Heterodoxus longitarsus. Trichobothrium of segment II showing the two minute associated setae, X 7000. FIG. 30. Haematomyzus elephantis. Sense organ associated with spiracle, X 7667. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25, 3 PLATE 5 A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). Pp. 284 : 348 text-figures. August, 1965. 6. 3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177 : 18 plates, 270 text-figures. August, 1965. 4 45. 4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 : 500 text-figures. Sep- tember, 1965. 3 55. 5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 : 475 text-figures. November, 1965. 2 155. 6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae and Droso- philidae. Pp. 129 : 328 text-figures. May, 1966. 3. 7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 : 43 text-figures. January, 1967. 335. 8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) . Pp. 119 : 14 plates, 146 text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. 3 los. 9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera). Pp. 509. 8 los. 10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rho- palocera). Pp. 322 : 348 text-figures. August, 1967. 8. 11. MOUND, L. A. A review of R. S. BagnalTs Thysanoptera Collections. Pp. 172 : 82 text-figures. May, 1968. 4. 12. WATSON, A. The Taxonomy of the Drepaninae represented in China, with an account of their world distribution. Pp. 151 : 14 plates, 293 text-figures. November, 1968. 5. 13. AFIFI, S. A. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 210 : 52 text- figures. December, 1968. 5. 14. CROSSKEY, R. W. A Re-classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and its Islands. Pp. 198 : i plate, 331 text-figures. July, 1969. 4 155. 15. ELIOT, J. N. An analysis of the Eurasian and Australian Neptini (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) . Pp. 155 : 3 plates, 101 text-figures. September, 1969. 4- 16. GRAHAM, M. W. R. DE V. The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea) . Pp. 908 : 686 text-figures. November, 1969. 19- Printed in England by Staples Printers Limited at their Kettering, Northants, establishment A REVISION OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF CHILO ZINCKEN (LEPIDOPTERA : PYRALIDAE) S. BLESZYNSKI BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25 No. 4 LONDON : 1970 A REVISION OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF CHILO ZINCKEN (LEPIDOPTERA : PYRALIDAE) BY STANISLAW BLESZYNSKI -Xr^ Pp. 99-195; 5 Plates, 130 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25 No. 4 LONDON: 1970 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 25 No. 4 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1970 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued ii September, 1970 Price 4 2s. A REVISION OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF CHILD ZINCKEN (LEPIDOPTERA : PYRALIDAE) By S. BLESZYNSKI 1 CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ............ 101 INTRODUCTION ........... 101 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ....... . . 102 GENERIC SYNONYMY .......... 102 GENERIC AFFINITIES AND TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS .... 103 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ........ 106 BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ....... 106 LIST OF SPECIES REMOVED FROM Child . . . . . . . IOJ KEY TO SPECIES . . . . . . . . . .111 MAIN TAXONOMIC PART . . . . . . . . .114 REFERENCES ........... 188 INDEX ............ 192 SYNOPSIS A revision is given of the taxonomy and distribution of the 41 species of the World Chilo. Five new species are described. Eight names are newly placed in synonymy, one name is extracted from synonymy, two species are transferred from specific to sub-specific rank and two new combinations of species-groups are made. A key to the species of Chilo is given. The taxonomic characters and generic affinities of Chilo are discussed. The geographical distribution of the World species of Chilo is analysed. The biology and economic importance of Chilo are briefly discussed. A list of species removed from Chilo is given. INTRODUCTION IN 1961, 1963, 1964 and 1966 I was able to study and revise the Chilo collection at the British Museum (N.H.) as well as important material at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ; United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. ; American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ; Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ; Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. ; Zoologische Sammlung d. Bayerischen Staates, Munich ; Museum A. Koenig, Bonn ; Zoologitscheskij Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad ; Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et des Cultures Vivieres, Paris ; Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren ; Muzeul Grigorie Antipa, Bucharest ; Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Kampala, Uganda ; as well as from the collection of Dr H. G. Amsel, Karlsruhe. In addition some types have been lent to me from the Institute fur Spezielle Zoologie, Berlin ; Museum van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden ; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock- holm ; and Division of Entomology of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australia. Dr H. Inoue, Fujisawa, Japan, has 1 We regret to record that Dr. Bleszynski died as a result of a car accident in Germany on the 24th December, 1969, shortly after submitting this paper for publication. 102 S. BLESZYNSKI kindly made and sent me the microphotographs of the genitalia of the holotype of Chilo izuensis Okano. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should like to acknowledge the generous co-operation ot the following workers who have helped by arranging loans of material or in other ways : Dr H. G. Amsel, Karlsruhe ; Mr T. Berberich, Bad Godesberg ; Mr L. A. Berger, Tervuren ; Mr E. W. Classey, Hampton (Middx.) ; Dr I. F. B. Common, Canberra, Australia ; Dr W. D. Duckworth, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ; Dr W. Forster, Munich ; Prof. J. Franclemont, Ithaca, N.Y. ; Dr H. J. Hannemann, Berlin ; Dr G. P. Holland, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; Dr H. Inoue, Fujisawa, Japan ; Dr F. Kasy, Vienna ; Dr A. B. Klots, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. ; Dr V. I. Kuznetsov, Lenin- grad ; Dr E. Milner, Kampala, Uganda ; Dr E. Munroe, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; Dr M. Okano, Morioka, Japan ; Dr L. L. Pechuman, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. ; Dr A. Popescue-Gorj, Bucharest ; Prof. E. Rivnay, Rechovot, Israel ; Dr U. Roesler, Bonn ; Mr M. Shaffer, London ; Dr P. L. Viette, Paris ; Mr A. Watson and Mr P. E. S. Whalley, London. The photographic work was done by the author, except for the photographs made on the white background, which were dome in the Photographic Section of the British Museum (Natural History) under the supervision of Mr M. G. Sawyers. All text-figures were drawn by the author. BM(NH) is an abbreviation of British Museum (Natural History), and GS-SB is an abbrevation of genitalia slide made by Stanislaw Bleszynski. GENERIC SYNONYMY The genus Chilo was erected by Zincken in 1817, for a heterogeneous cluster of species from which Duponchel, 1836, selected Tinea phragmitella Hbn. as the type- species. Only one of the remaining originally included species (plejadellus Zck.) is now considered congeneric with the type-species. Subsequently described genera, Proceras Bojer, Borer Guenee, Diphryx Grote, Hypiesta Hmps., Nephalia Turner, Silveria Dyar and Chilotraea Kapur are considered by the present author as junior synonyms of Chilo. Proceras, erected for one species, sacchariphagus from Mauritius, was for some time included in the synonyms of Diatraea Guilding, but was removed from synonymy by Tarns, 1942. Borer was established for saccharellus , and was treated by Tarns, 1942 as a synonym of Proceras. In fact saccharellus is a junior synonym of sacchariphagus. Until 1966, Proceras was considered as a distinct genus because of the reduction of the ocelli and a good deal of detail on this subject was published by Kapur, 1950. However, in 1966, the present author synonymized Proceras with Chilo on the basis of a study of the World species of this genus. Diphryx Grote, erected for one species prolatella, from Georgia, U.S.A., proved to be the same as Chilo and prolatella synonymous with plejadellus. Nephalia, described for crypsimetalla from Australia, was sunk under Chilo in 1966 by the present author. Hypiesta, established for one species, argyrogramma from Kenya, was synonymized with Chilo in 1965 by the present author. Silveria was erected for two species, REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 103 hexhex and adelphilia from Mexico. Dyar selected hexhex as the type-species of Silveria. Subsequently, both species proved to be synonymous with Chilo chiri- quitensis (Z.), and consequently the genus Silveria a junior synonym of Chilo (Bleszyn- ski, 1962^ : 108, 1967 : 92). In 1950, Kapur split the genus Chilo into two genera, Chilo and Chilotraea, based on the differences in the structure of face and in fore wing neuration. However, I regard Chilotraea as a synonym of Chilo (Bleszynski, 19626 : i). The interpretation of the genus Chilo has for a long time been confused, chiefly because the taxonomy has been based on the wing venation. Dyar & Heinrich, 1927, in their revision of the American species of the genus Diatraea and allies, based on the genitalia of both sexes, write : ' The genitalia of the Crambinae offer excellent characters for the separation of species and to some extent (especially in the males) of genera. The generic characters, however, are more in habitus than definable structural differences ; and are further obscured by the fact that in the genus Chilo most of the types of the other allied genera are repeated.' This opinion was quite without foundation. In fact, Chilo and Diatraea represent two of the best defined genera, on the genitalic characters, within the subfamily Crambinae. Dyar & Heinrich did not fully understand the genus Chilo. They put one species, idalis Fernald into two genera ; the female they diagnosed as Diatraenopsis idalis (Fernald), and the male of idalis they described as a new species Chilo fernaldalis (in fact idalis is a junior synonym of Chilo demotellus Walk.), based on the difference in the size of the ocelli, which, in fact, are variable in idalis (Klots, i. 1.). The genus Diatraenopsis Dyar and Heinrich (sunk under Epina Walk, by Kapur, 1950) is very different from Chilo, as shown by the genitalia of both sexes. The first good definition of Chilo was given by Kapur, 1950, but he split this genus into two genera as mentioned above. A preliminary paper on Chilo was published in 1962 by the present author, who transferred to Chilo several Ethiopian species from the genera Argyria Hbn. and Diatraea Guild. I dealt with the Palaearctic species of Chilo in Microlepidoptera Palaearctica, 1965. A discussion of the CTwTo-complex of genera can be found in Bleszynski, 1966 : 477. GENERIC AFFINITIES AND TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS Chilo is very close to the American genus Diatraea Guild. The external appearance and general structure of the male and female genitalia are similar in both genera. Diatraea is restricted to North and South America, but is poorly represented in North America. Chilo has only four representatives in North America, and only one of these, chiriquitensis is found also in Central America. All the species of Diatraea are without ocelli, many species have well differentiated uncus (which is little modified in Chilo}, peculiar lobes on the tegumen (absent in Chilo}, tufts of hair on the second abdominal segment and on the hind tibia in males. Such tufts never occur in Chilo species. It seems that Diatraea is an American derivative of Chilo and that all the above mentioned characters of Diatraea are probably secondary features. It is 01 interest to note also that the metallic scales so often found on the fore wing in Chilo never occur in Diatraea. The most important characters distinguishing the C/w/o-complex from the closely 104 S. BLESZYNSKI allied Acigona-complex are : the presence of a saccus and pseudosaccus, the rather simple structure of the valva, the lack of a bridge linking the ostial pouch with the eighth tergite in the females and the undilated posterior apophyses. Other genera of C/w70-complex are : Leonardo Blesz., Zacatecas Blesz., Chilandrus Blesz., Myelobia H.-S., Chiqua Blesz., Malgasochilo Blesz., Epina Walk, and Japonichilo Okano. All these genera are characterized by presence of a saccus and pseudosaccus, similar structure of the male and female genitalia, and a triple frenulum in the female. Leonardo (PI. 2, fig. 3), is separated from Chilo by the position of MI in the hind wing which arises from the lower angle of cell somewhat similar to Prionapteryx Steph. and allies. The position of Zacatecas is not clear as only the female of the single species ankasokellus Viette is known. This species is charac- terized by 7^2 in the fore wing which is stalked with R& R$ and #5. R$ is always free in Chilo. Chilandrus (PI. 4, fig. 18) is distinct from Chilo by the structure of the female genitalia which are peculiar in having papillae anales transformed into a triangular organ adapted to cutting the stems of the food plant. Moreover, the apex of gnathos in Chilandrus is rounded, being always pointed in Chilo. The genus Myelobia is restricted to the Neotropical Region. The external appearance of Myelobia species often resembles that of the Sphingidae. In many respects the genitalia of the species of Myelobia are very much like those in Chilo and Diatraea but they differ in having a very peculiarly shaped uncus. In the female genitalia the ostial pouch is usually not demarcated from the ductus bursae. The latter forms with corpus bursae an elongate bag. The systematic position of the next two genera, viz. Chiqua and Malgasochilo is queer. Chiqua contains one species distributed in Peru and Bolivia. It has fully developed ocelli, convex, but rounded face, small chaetosemata, wing neuration similar to that in Chilo ; the hind wing pecten is peculiar as, instead of hairs, there are very long broad scales, and an additional row of such scales on the vein i A ; in the male genitalia the valva is much broader than in Chilo and Diatraea. Malgasochilo is known only by a single male from Madagascar. Ocelli are absent, chaetosemata reduced, face not protruding beyond eye ; R% in the fore wing is stalked with R% and R^ ; the lower part of the cell in the hind wing is long, but the upper part is much shorter than in Chilo. In the genitalia, the gnathos is broader than in Chilo, otherwise the genitalia resemble those in Diatraea. In general, Malgasochilo in the genitalia has more Diatraea than Chilo resemblance. Eschata is an Oriental genus characterized by reduced chaetosemata, presence of ocelli, wing neuration similar to that in Chilo, strong pars basalis and often numerous cornuti ; female genitalia are somewhat similar to those in Myelobia ; externally the species of Eschata are very distinct by the snow-white coloration of the fore wing and two distinct transverse fasciaes. Epina is a small American genus and Japonichilo is represented by one east Asiatic species ; both are similar to each other being characterized by very strong pars basalis in the male genitalia. Ocellus in most of Chilo species is well developed ; chaetosemata are moderate, labial palpus porrect, usually at least three times as long as the diameter of an eye, in male shorter than female ; face round or conical, sometimes with a strong ventral REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 105 ridge formed by clypeus ; antenna in male serrate ; frenulum in female triple ; in fore wing RI free, approximate to or coincident with Sc, R% always free, #3 and R$ always stalked, R$ always free ; MI present ; in hind wing cell closed, MI from upper angle of cell, M% present ; fore wing in most species yellow or brown, in many species with metallic scales ; discal dot often present ; median dot absent in most species ; subterminal line present in most species, median line present or absent ; no longitudinal light stripe. Male genitalia of Chilo : Uncus short and stout, sharply pointed ; gnathos as long as uncus ; uncus and gnathos do not offer specific characters ; valva rather simple, often with slight pars basalis (a process at base of costa) ; sacculus without process ; vinculum greatly elongate ; saccus and pseudosaccus well developed ; aedeagus greatly elongate with or without cornuti ; often with bulbose basal projection and ventral arm ; juxta-plate in most species with long arms, sometimes asymmetrical. Female genitalia of Chilo : Papillae anales broad with ends coalescent with each other ; posterior apophyses slender ; membrane linking eighth to seventh segment without spikes ; anterior apophyses present ; seventh sternum often with heavily sclerotized plate ; ostial pouch linked to eighth segment by a membrane ; signum present or absent, in some species two signa. Very good specific characters are offered by the shape of the face, the presence or absence of metallic scales on the fore wing, the shape of the arms of the juxta-plate and of the aedeagus, the presence or absence of the bulbose basal projection and ventral arms of the aedeagus, size of the cornuti, presence or absence of a signum and the shape of the ostial pouch ; the heavily sclerotized plate of the seventh sternum in the female often offers good specific characters, but in some species it varies considerably. The shape of the face is a relatively constant character in most species of Chilo. However, orichalcocilielhis Strand shows face variable ; it may be slightly or strongly conical, with or without a sharp point. It is interesting that the very closely allied aleniellus Strand and thyrsis Blesz. always seem to have a rounded face without a trace of a point. A few Palaearctic species have a strongly conical and pointed face plus a ventral ridge. Such a ridge occurs in many species of the genus Acigona Hon., but rarely in Chilo. The ridge may be triangular or semi- circular, but it may vary slightly in its shape in one species. As mentioned above, Kapur erected a genus Chilotraea characterized by rounded face and RI coincident with Sc in the fore wing. However, both characters have only specific value in Chilo. The position of RI may vary within an individual species. Moreover, several species, i.e. pulverosellus, agamemnon, ceylonicus have the face rounded as in Chilo, sensu Kapur and RI in the fore wing free as in Chilotraea. The presence of metallic scales in the fore wing is one of the best characters in distinguishing species of Chilo. However, it should be noted that some specimens bear only a small number of metallic scales, e.g. pulveratus Wileman & South or crypsimetallus Turner. The shape and armature of the arms of the juxta-plate are also good taxonomic characters, but are variable in some species, particularly in orichalcociliellus. It is io6 S. BLESZYNSKI worth noting that an incorrect preparation of a genitalic slide often distorts arms of the juxta-plate and may make determination difficult. The number and size of cornuti seem to be constant except in sacchariphagus and its subspecies. The presence, shape and number of signa is constant except in species which have a weakly developed signum, for example auricicilius Dudgeon. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Most species of Chilo are represented in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions. Only one species, chiriquitensis Z. is confined to the Neotropical Region, four are confined to the Nearctic Region. The Palaearctic Region has 13 species, but five of them represent the Oriental element in the Palaearctic fauna, and one species, agamemnon Blesz. invaded the Near East from East Africa. The Oriental Region is inhabited by 14 species of Chilo. The Australian Region has only three species, terrenellus Pag., louisiadalis Hmps. and crypsimetallus. C. terrenellus and louisiadalis are also known from Vulcan Island. The present centre of distribution ot Chilo, however, is the Ethiopian Region where are found 18 species, one of which, partellus, may be of Oriental origin. It is known from East Africa and the Comores. The distribution of some species may have been affected by the fact that they are notorious pests of rice, sugar-cane, maize, sorghum and other graminaceous crops, so that artificial introductions may play a role in the geographical distribution of suppressalis Walk., partellus Swinhoe, infuscatellus, and particularly sacchariphagus. The latter is widely distributed in India, China, Formosa, Malaya, Indonesia, the Philippines, but is known also from Madagascar, Reunion and Mauritius. The population occurring in Madagascar, Reunion and Mauritius is very similar to the form from Indonesia and the Philippines. So far there is no record of this species from the African continent. In recent times agamemnon spread from central to northern Israel. This species seems to be of Ethiopian origin with subsequent invasion (or artificial introduction) to Middle East. C. suppressalis, an Oriental species, with intrusion to the south-east of the Palaearctic Region, is found in rice fields in Spain and in Hawaii. BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The larvae of all Chilo are stem-borers. The females lay from 200 to 300 eggs on the surface of the host-plant. Copulation generally occurs at night. Eggs are often laid a few hours after copulation. The eggs develop within 4-8 days. The larva bores in the stalk, and is fully developed within about 2-3 weeks. Depending on the species and climatic conditions there are one to six generations a year. In Central Europe, there is only one generation of phragmitellus. Rivnay (1967 : 15) writes about agamemnon in Israel : ' The offspring of the September moths enter diapause in the larval stage ; some of these constitute the sixth generation, which is in hibernation. The percentage of diapausing larvae is low at the beginning of September and increases until October, except when extraordinary temperature conditions prevail.' Gupta (1904 : 796) states that the larvae of infuscatellus are very active, often dispersing themselves on their silken threads from plant to REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 107 plant. The larvae eat into the centre of the plant, causing the characteristic ' dead-heart ' appearance. Later the larvae bore into the stems between the nodes. Gupta also states that the larval moult takes about one hour and that the number of moults varies, increasing to 7 or 8 in larvae which had hibernated. The pupal period varies from 10-12 days in February but is reduced to 6-8 days in summer. The adults emerge in the early morning, generally before sunrise. Several Chilo species are known as notorious pests of graminaceous crops : for example, sacchariphagus, partellus, tiimidicostalis, auricilius and infuscatellus are pests of sugar-cane in Southern and Eastern Asia and Eastern Africa. Rice is mostly attacked by supressalis and partellus, but also by agamemnon. C. agamemnon, zacconius, diffusilineus, partellus and orichalcociliellus are known to attack maize. For details the reader is referred to the very extensive literature on the biology and control of Chilo. The detailed bibliography of the Chilo literature was published by Katiyar (1964). SPECIES DESCRIBED IN CHILO WHICH HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED TO OTHER GENERA Chilo acuminatus Butler, 1878 (referable to Plutellidae) . Chilo aditellus Walker, 1864 (referable to Schoenobiinae) . Chilo aeneociliella Eversmann, 1844 (referable to Agriphila Hbn.). Chilo aglaopis Turner, 1911 (referable to Neargyrioides Blesz.). Chilo albimarginalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo alfoldellus Schaus, 1922 (referable to Acigona obliquilineella Hampson). Chilo ambiguellus Snellen, 1890 (referable to Schoenobiinae). Chilo angustipennis Zeller, 1877 (referable to Orocrambus Purdie). Chilo aracalis Schaus, 1934 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo araealis Hampson, 1912 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo argentifascia Hampson, 1919 (referable to Corynophora Berg). Chilo argentosus Snellen, 1893 (referable to Hemiptocha Dognin). Chilo argyrostola Hampson, 1919 (referable to Argyria Hbn.). Chilo ascriptalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo aureliellus Fischer v. Roesslerstamm, 1841 (referable to Calamotropha Z.). Chilo aurescellus Fischer v. Roesslerstamm, 1841 (mis-spelling of aureliellus). Chilo bivittellus Moore, 1872 (referable to Charltona Swinhoe). Chilo bostralis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Pyraustinae, Pyrausta Schrank). Chilo calamistis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo carnifex Coquerel, 1855 (referable to Phycitinae, Metoecis Mabille). Chilo centrelhis Moschler, 1883 (referable to Diatraea Guild.). Chilo ceres Butler, 1883 (referable to Thopeutis respersalis Hbn.). Chilo cervinellus Moore, 1872 (referable to Charltona Swinhoe). Chilo chabilalis Schaus, 1834 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo chillanicus Butler, 1883 (referable to Fernandocr ambus Aurivillius) . Chilo chrysographellus Kollar, 1844 (referable to Ancylolomia Hbn.). Chilo comparellus Felder and Rogenhofer, 1875 (referable to Acigona infusella Walk.). io8 S. BLESZYNSKI Chilo crambidoides Grote, 1880 (referable to Diatraea Guild.). Chilo culmicolellus Zeller, 1863 (referable to Diatraea lineolata (Walk.). Chilo cuneellus Treitschke, 1835 (referable to Catoptria pyramidella fir.)). Chilo cynedradellus Schaus, 1922 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo densellus Zeller, 1881 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo diffiisifascia Hampson, 1919 (referable to Thopeutis Hbn.). Chilo diletantellus Dyar, 1912 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo discellus Walker, 1867 (referable to Calamotropha Z.). Chilo dodatellus Walker, 1864 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius Dup.). Chilo duomita Dyar, 1912 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo excerptalis Walker, 1863 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Apurima Walk.). Chilo eximiellus Zincken, 1821 (referable to Cervicr ambus Blesz.). Chilo forbesellus Fernald, 1896 (referable to Thopeutis Hbn.). Chilo funerellus Hampson, 1896 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius Dup.). Chilo furcatellus Zetterstedt, 1840 (referable to Catoptria Hbn.). Chilo fuscicilia Hampson, 1910 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo fuscidentalis Hampson, 1896 (referable to Pyraustinae). Chilo gildasellus Schaus, 1924 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius Dup.). Chilo gratiosellus Walker, 1864 (referable to Schoenobiinae, synonym of Schoenobius incertulas W T alker). Chilo griseoradians J. de Joannis, 1930 (referable to Acigona steniella Hmps.). Chilo hederalis Amsel, 1935 (referable to Thopeutis galleriella (Rag.). Chilo heracleus Zeller, 1877 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Erupa Walk.), comb. n. Chilo hypenalis Rebel, 1910 (referable to Pseudobissetia terrestrella (Christ.). Chilo ignitalis Hampson, 1896 (referable to Acigona infusella (Walk.). Chilo incanellus Hampson, 1896 (referable to Myelobia H.-S.). Chilo incertellus Zincken, 1821 (referable to Mesolia Rag.). Chilo incertuUs Walker, 1863 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius Dup.). Chilo inconspicuellus Moore, 1872 (referable to Charltona Swinhoe). Chilo infusellus Walker, 1863 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo ingloriellus Moschler, 1882 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius Dup.). Chilo interlineatus Zeller, 1881 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo interruptellus Moore, 1872 (referable to Charltona Swinhoe). Chilo irrectellus Moschler, 1882 (referable to Pseudometachilo Blesz.). Chilo lativittalis Dognin, 1910 (referable to Diatraea Guild.). Chilo latmiadelis Dognin, 1923 (referable to Diatraea lativittalis (Dognin). Chilo lathoniellus Zincken, 1817 (referable to Crambus nemorellus (Hbn.). Chilo leachellus Zincken, 1818 (referable to Crambus F.). Chilo leptigrammalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo leptogrammelhis Meyrick, 1879 (referable to Calamotropha Z.). Chilo leucanialis Butler, 1877 (referable to Orocrambus Purdie). Chilo leucocraspsis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo locupletellus Kollar, 1844 (referable to Ancylolomia Hbn.). Chilo loftini Dyar, 1917 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo maculalis Predota, 1934 (referable to Thopeutis galleriella (Rag.). REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 109 Chilo majorellus Costa, 1836 (referable to Phycitinae, synonym of Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) . Chilo marcella Schaus, 1913 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo matanzalis Schaus, 1922 (referable to Epina dichromella Walk.). Chilo mercurellus Zetterstedt, 1840 (referable to Scopariinae, Scoparia Curt.). Chilo mesostrigalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Calamotropha Z.). Chilo morbidellus Dyar, 1913 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo multipunctellus Kearfott, 1908 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo neuricellus Zeller, 1863 (referable to Diatraea lineolata (Walk.). Chilo nigristigmellus Hampson, 1896 (referable to Myelobia H.-S.). Chilo nivellus Kollar, 1844 (referable to Crambus F.). Chilo obliquilineellus Hampson, 1896 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo obliteratellus Zeller, 1863 (referable to Diatraea saccharalis (F.). Chilo obtusellus Stainton, 1856 (referable to Calamotropha pdludella (Hbn.). Chilo ocellellus Zetterstedt (referable to Crambus aliendlus (Germar & Kaulfuss)). Chilo opinionellus Dyar, 1917 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo ortellus Swinhoe, 1886 (referable to Charltona Swinhoe). Chilo oxyprora Turner, 1904 (referable to Nechilo Blesz.) Chilo parramattellus Meyrick, 1879 (referable to Calamotropha paludella (Hbn.)). Chilo pauperellus Treitschke, 1832 (referable to Catoptria Hbn.). Chilo phlebitalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo poliellus Treitschke, 1832 (referable to Agriphila Hbn.). Chilo porrectellus Walker (referable to Plutellidae, Plutella Schrank). Chilo powelli D. Lucas, 1862 (referable to Ancylolomia disparella (Hbn.)). Chilo praefectellus Zincken, 1821 (referable to Crambus F.). Chilo prophylactes Meyrick, 1934 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo puritellus Kearfott, 1908 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo purpurealis Hampson, 1896 (referable to Acigona infusella (Walk.)). Chilo Pyramidellus Treitschke, 1832 (referable to Catoptria Hbn.). Chilo pyrocaustalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona ignefusalis (Hmps.)). comb. n. Chilo rabatellus D. Lucas, 1939 (referable to Ancylolomia inornata Stgr.). Chilo repugnatalis Walker, 1863 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Apurima Walk.). Chilo rufulalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo semivittalis Dognin, 1907 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo simplex Butler, 1877 (referable to Orocrambus Purdie). Chilo sordidellus Zincken, 1821 (referable to Schoenobiinae). Chilo spectabilis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 (referable to Myelobia zeuzeroides (Walk.)). Chilo spurcatellus Walker (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius (Dup.)). Chilo squamulellus Zeller, 1881 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo steniellus Hampson, -1899 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). Chilo stenziellus Treitschke, 1835 (referable to Catoptria conchella (D. & Schiff.). Chilo strigatellus Hampson, 1919 (referable to Acigona Hbn.). comb. n. Chilo strigellus Treitschke, 1833 (referable to Acigona cicatricella (Hbn.)). no S. BLESZYNSKI Chilo submedianalis Hampson, 1919 (referable to Thopeutis galleriella (Rag.)). Chilo surinamellus Moschler, 1822 (referable to Acigona infusella (Walk.)). Chilo terrestrellus Christoph, 1885 (referable to Pseudobissetia Blesz.). Chilo teterrellus Zincken, 1821 (referable to Pediasia Hbn.). Chilo torpidellus Zeller, 1852 (referable to Calamotropha Z.). Chilo truncatellus Schaus, 1922 (referable to Acigona leucocraspis (Hmps.)). Chilo truncatellus Zetterstedt, 1840 (referable to Pediasia Hbn.). Chilo trypetes Bisset, 1939 (referable to Acigona steniella (Hmps.)). Chilo unicolorellus Zeller, 1863 (referable to Calamotropha Z.). Chilo venatella Schaus, 1922 (referable to Argyria Hbn.). Chilo verellus Zincken, 1817 (referable to Catoptria Hbn.). Chilo vinosellus Hampson, 1896 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Schoenobius Dup.). Chilo virgatus Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 (referable to Schoenobiinae, Erupa Walk.). Chilo xylinalis Hampson, 1896 (referable to Thopeutis Hbn.). SPECIES OF CHILO UNRECOGNIZED C. batri (Fletcher), 1928 : 59 (described in Diatraea Guild.). Type-locality : India, Bihar. Type : not traced. C. cinnamomellus Berg, 1875 : 88. Type-locality : Patagonia. Type : location unknown. C. ikri (Fletcher), 1928 : 60, pi. 7, fig. 2, pi. 8, fig. 2, pi. 9, fig. i (described in Diatraea Guild.). Type-locality : India, Bihar. Type : not traced. C. kanra (Fletcher), 1928 : 59, pi. 5, fig. i, pi. 6, fig. i (described in Diatraea Guild.). Type-locality : India. Type : not traced. C. recalvus Wallengren, 1876 : 126. Type-locality : Transvaal. Type : location unknown. C. saccharicola Fletcher, 1928 : 59, pi. 6, fig. 2. Type-locality : India. Type : not traced. C. spatiosellus Moschler, 1882 : 436, pi. 18, fig. 41. Type-locality : Surinam. Type : lost. CHILO Zincken Chilo Zincken, 1817 : 23. Type-species : [Tinea] phragmitella Hiibner, [1805] [Selected by Duponchel, 1836 : 9]. Proceras Bojer, 1856 : (not paginated). Type-species : Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer, 1856, by monotypy [Syn. Bleszynski, 1966 : 477]. Borer Guenee in Maillard, 1862. Type-species : Borer saccharellus Guenee, 1862, by monotypy [Syn. Tarns, 1942 : 67]. Diphryx Grote, 1822 : 273. Type-species : Diphryx prolatella Grote, 1882, by monotypy [Syn. Hampson, i8g6a : 954]. Chilo Zincken ; Fernald, 1896 : 77. Chilo Zincken ; Hampson, 18960 : 954 [In part]. Nephalia Turner, 1911 : 113. Type-species : Nephalia crypsimetalla Turner, 1911, by mono- typy [Syn. Bleszynski, 1966 : 478]. Hypiesta Hampson, 1919 : 538. Type-species : Hypiesta argyrogramma Hampson, 1919, by monotypy [Syn. Bleszynski, 1966 : 478]. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO in Silveria Dyar, 1925 : 10. Type-species : Silveria hexhex Dyar, 1925, by original designation [Syn. Bleszynski, 19626 : 108]. Diatraenopsis Dyar & Heinrich. 1927 : 39 [In part]. Silveria Dyar ; Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 : 31. Proceras Bojer ; Tarns, 1942 : 67. Chilo Zincken ; Kapur, 1950 : 394. Proceras Bojer ; Kapur, 1950 : 410. Chilotraea Kapur, 1950 : 402. Type-species : Chilo infuscatelhis Snellen, 1890, by original designation [Syn. Bleszynski, 1962^ : i]. Chilo Zincken ; Okano, 1950 : 122. Chilo Zincken ; Bleszynski, 19626 : 98. Chilo Zincken ; Bleszynski, 1965 : 102. Proceras Bojer ; Bleszynski, 1965 : 122. Chilo Zincken ; Bleszynski, 1966 : 478. Chilo Zincken ; Bleszynski, 1969 : 12. KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES 1 In fore wing R free .......... 2 In fore wing RI coincident with Sc ........ 36 2 (i) Face conical with distinct point ........ 3 Face rounded without point ......... 23 3 (2) Face with distinct ventral ridge ........ 4 Face with vestigial ridge or ventral ridge absent . . . . . . 15 4 (3) , in BM(NH) ; JAPAN : Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, v-ix, in BM(NH) and in author's coll. ; HAWAII : 80 ex. in United States National Museum, Washington, B.C., U.S.A. Chilo hyrax Bleszynski (PI. 3, figs 6, 7 ; Text-figs 19, 20) Chilo hyrax Bleszynski, 1965 : 108, fig. 57 [head], pi. 4, figs 57-1, 2 [adults], pi. 41, fig. 57 [6* genitalia], pi. 93, fig. 57 [$ genitalia]. Similar to suppressalis, but generally larger : length of fore wing, 12-0-16-5 mm ' ground- colour of fore wing yellow to brown, variably dusted with brown scales ; subterminal line reduced ; median line marked by row of brown specks, or completely reduced ; metallic scales absent. o* genitalia (Text-fig. 19) : similar to those in suppressalis but distinguished by the different shape of juxta-plate, the arms of which are narrower, not dilated in the middle ; in addition, subapical teeth present. $ genitalia (Text-fig. 20) : ostial pouch small, well demarcated from ductus bursae ; the REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 123 latter distinctly swollen, not twisted, with distinct, heavily sclerotized, elongate patch ; signum much larger than in suppressalis and christophi. Early stages and biology unknown. Distribution. China, Mokanshan and Manchuria ; Russia, Ussuri ; Japan, Honshu. Type material examined. Holotype <^. ' Ussuri ', 08-3086-86, in author's coll. Paratypes : Manchuria, Djalantun, 2 $, 08-901-86 and 08-2946-86, in author's coll. ; Ussuri, Jakovlevka, 5 $, 08-2404-86 and 08-2411-86, in Zoologitscheskij Institut, Leningrad ; Ussuri, Kasakewitsch, 2 $, 08-2407-86 and 08-1709-86, in Muzeul G. Antipa, 6ucharest. Other material. CHINA : Ussuri, Kasakewitsch, i $, in author's coll. ; Manchuria, 22 FIGS 20-22. Chilo, $ genitalia. 20, hyrax, Manchuria. 21, christophi, Ussuri, paratype. 22, pulverosellus, Syria, holotype. 124 S. BLESZYNSKI Hsiaoling, i ?, in author's coll. ; Mokanshan, i $ in Muzeul G. Antipa, Bucharest ; JAPAN : Honshu, Kinku-Osaka, i $ in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. Chilo christophi Bleszynski (PI. 3, figs 8, 9 ; Text-figs 21, 23) Chilo concolorellus Christoph, 1885 : 149 [in part]. Chilo christophi Bleszynski, 1965 : 112, pi. 4, figs 59-1, 2 [adults], pi. 42, fig. 59 [<$ genitalia], Pi- 93. fig- 59 [$ genitalia]. Chilo antipai Popescu-Gorj, 1968 : 845, figs 7 and 8 [head] 9 [ genitalia], 10 [$ genitalia], pi. i, figs 1-3 [adults]. Syn. n. Similar to suppressalis but much larger and with pattern of fore wing less distinct. Length of fore wing, 14 -0-19-0 mm. o* genitalia (Text-fig. 23) : as in suppressalis except for juxta-plate, the arms of which are stouter and not dilated, without distinct subapical teeth. $ genitalia (Text-fig. 21) : ostial pouch usually larger than in suppressalis. The examined specimens were taken in May and June. Distribution. Russia, South Ural and Armenia, Central Asia, Ussuri ; North China. The range of christophi overlaps that of suppressalis and hyrax in Ussuri. Type material examined. Holotype $. ' Ussuri Baranovka, Hed., concolorellus ', GS-24o8-SB, in Zoologitscheskij Institut, Leningrad. Paratypes : Ussuri, Chabarovka, i , 08-2407-86 ; Ussuri, Winogradovka, i $>, GS-2654-SB ; Ussuri, Lake Chaicha, i , GS-24IO-SB ; Ussuri, Frolovka, i <$, GS-24I2-SB, in Zoologitscheskij Institut, Leningrad ; China, Tsingtao, i <, GS-8i8- Toll ; Manchuria, Yablonya, i , in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Other material. JAPAN : ' Japan ', i . ' Syrie ', GS-3648-Viette, in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. brevipalpdlus. Holotype^. ' Jordan-Nutzdorf ', GS~9O34-Mus. Vind., in Natur- historisches Museum, Vienna. fernandezi. Holotype $. ' [France] Trinquetaille, 18.8.31 ', GS-36i5-Viette, in Museum National d' Historic Naturelle, Paris. lemarchandellus. Lectotype $ (selected by Bleszynski, 1965 : 116). ' [France] Herault, St. Guilhem-le-Desert, 2O.-30.7.I945 ', GS-3649-Viette, in Museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris ; I $ paralectotype, same locality and same coll. Other material. BULGARIA : Nessebar, viii, i , in BM(NH) ; VULCAN Is., 6 ? in BM(NH). CMlo pulveratus (Wilemaii & South) (PI. 2, fig. 9 ; PI. 4, figs n, 12 ; Text-figs 7, 31, 34) Diatraea pulverata Wileman & South, 1917 : 147. Diatraea pulverata Wileman & South ; Shibuya, 19286 : 51. Chilo pulverata (Wileman & South) Bleszynski, 19626 : 115. Chilo izuensis Okano, 1962 : 123, pi. 6, fig. 6 [ genitalia]. Syn. n.. Chilo izouensis (Okano) ; Bleszynski, 1965 : 115, pi. 5, fig. 60 [adult], pi. 42, fig. 60 [ leg- H. Inoue, in coll. Dr H. Inoue, Fujisawa, Japan. Distribution. China, Szetschwan ; Japan, Honshu ; Formosa ; Philippines, Luzon ; Timor ; Sumatra. Type material examined, pulveratus. Holotype <. ' Formosa, Kanshirei, 26.vii.i9o8, A. E. Wileman ', GS-i3Oi6-BM, Paratypes. Formosa, Koanania, i cJ, GS-7662-BM ; Formosa, Takow, GS-7046-NM ; all in BM(BH). Other material. CHINA : Prov. Szetschwan, Chunking, i $, in BM(NH) ; PHILIPPINES : Luzon, Klondyke, i < i ?, in BM(BH) ; TIMOR : Oinanissa i ?, in BM(NH) ; Oinanissa i ?, in author's coll. ; SUMATRA : i , in author's coll. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 133 Chilo bandra (Kapur) (Text-figs 33, 35) Chilotraea bandra Kapur, 1950 : 407, pi. 5, figs 6-9 [$ genitalia], 10 [$ genitalia]. Chilo bandra (Kapur) Bleszynski & Collins, 1962 : 239. Ocellus well developed. Face rounded, very slightly protruding forward beyond eye ; corneous point and ventral ridge both absent. Labial palpus 2 (<$) to 2-5 (?) times as long as diameter of eye. Fore wing : length 5-0-8-5 mm ; RI coincident with Sc ; ground-colour 36 FIGS 34-36. Chilo, $ genitalia. 34, pulveratus, Philippine Is, Luzon. 35, bandra, India, paratype. 36, tumidico stalls, India. 134 S. BLESZYNSKI yellowish ; subterminal line edged with steely shiny scales ; median line yellow with patch of silvery scales ; area between lines longitudinally streaked with brown. Hind wing whitish. < genitalia (Text-fig. 33) : basal proximal angle of valva produced and pointed ; juxta- plate with symmetrical, long, pointed, hairy arms ; aedeagus with short and thin ventral arm ; bulbose basal projection present. $ genitalia (Text-fig. 35) : genital opening surrounded by small rough, moderately sclerotized area; one small signum present. Distribution. India, Bombay. Type material examined. Holotype $. ' [India] : Bombay, Bandra, 20.vi.O2 ', GS-7I77-BM, in BM(NH). Paratypes. i <, same data, GS-5Q6-BM, in author's coll. ; i $, same data, GS- 595-BM, in BM(NH). Chilo tumidicostalis (Hampson) (PI. i, fig. 7 ; Text-figs 32, 36) Argyria tumidicostalis Hampson, 1919 : 448. Chilo gemininotalis Hampson, 1919 : 59 [syn. Fletcher, 1928 : 59]. Chilo gemininotalis Hampson ; Fletcher, 1928 : 59. Chilo tumidicostalis (Hampson) Kapur, 1950 : 401, pi. i, fig. 5 [head], pi. 2, fig. 5 [<$ genitalia], pi. 3, figs 3, 9 [ &g s 9 [o* genitalia], 18 [$ genitalia]. Chilo polychrysa (Meyrick) Bleszynski, ig62b : 115, fig. 5 [<$ genitalia]. Head similar as in auricilius, except for labial palpus which is proportionately slightly shorter in polychrysus. Fore wing : length 6-7-7-5 mm ; #1 confluent with Sc ; ground-colour varying from whitish to yellow variably suffused with ochreous brown scales ; median line a distinct, oblique, ochreous brown shade with median line represented by shiny silvery scales ; discal dot reduced ; subterminal line ill-defined, white, with a few silvery scales ; area between both transverse lines darkened with ochreous brown below costa ; subterminal area darkened ; terminal dots ill-defined or absent ; fringes slightly glossy. Hind wing varying from white to dirty cream, with apical area slightly suffused with darker colour ; fringe whitish. cj genitalia (Text-figs 46, 47) ; valva decidely tapering to a narrowly rounded apex ; bunch of stout hairs close to ventral margin at one-third distance from base ; distinct, rather heavily sclerotized, notched pars basalis ; juxta-plate with arms short, tapering, nearly symmetrical ; aedeagus a little longer than valva ; ventral process of aedeagus bifurcate into two long, narrow arms, each arm with subbasal flap and minute subapical dentation ; cornuti absent. $ genitalia (Text-fig. 52) ; seventh sternum with rather heavily sclerotized area surrounding ostium bursae, with long band posteriorly divided longitudinally in some specimens ; ostial pouch slightly demarcated from ductus bursae, armed with small sclerite at either side ; ductus bursae behind ostial pouch with a short, rather heavily sclerotized portion, then lightly sclerotized, sometimes swollen in caudal portion ; signum absent. Some of the examined adults were bred from stem of ' paoli '. Distribution. India, Assam ; Thailand ; Indonesia, Malacca ; Malaysia ; South China, Kanton. Externally this species comes very close to auricilius, but it is easily separated by the genitalia of both sexes as is shown in the figures. Similarities in the genitalia REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 141 FIGS 46-48. Chilo, (J genitalia. 46, polychrysus, Malaya, paralectotype. 47, polychrysus, Malaya, paralectotype. 48, louisiadalis, Vulcan I. 142 S. BLESZYNSKI suggest that polychrysus comes very near terrenelhis and louisiadalis, from which it differs by the presence of the pars basalis of the valva and the lack of cornuti ; moreover, polychrysus has more strongly tapered valva, a differently shaped ventral arm of aedeagus and a smaller juxta-plate. In the $ genitalia polychrysus is dis- tinguished by the heavily sclerotized area surrounding ostium bursae. Externally polychrysus is readily separated from terrenellus and louisiadalis by the presence of metallic scales on the fore wing, the much smaller size and the yellow coloration of the fore wing. The ranges of polychrysus, terrenellus and louisiadalis do not overlap. The ranges of polychrysus and auricilius overlap in Indonesia, Thailand and Assam, India. Type material examined. LECTOTYPE (present designation). ' Malaya Pen. Malacca 8.1.1925. Larvae boring stems of Paoli. G. H. Corbett and B. A. R. Gater ', GS-iO3i3-BM, in BM(NH). Paralectotypes. 15 <$, Perak, Selangor, Alor Star, Sungei Tua, Kuan, Parit Buntar, Titi Serong, Pekan, Sungai Kepar, Malaysia, in BM(NH) and in author's coll. Other material. INDONESIA : Kuala Lumpur, 15 ex., in BM(NH) ; THAILAND : Bangkok, 5 $, in BM(NH) ; INDIA : Assam, i 2, in BM(NH) ; Khasis, i $, in BM(NH). * Chilo louisiadalis (Hampson) (PI. 4, figs 4, 7 ; Text-figs 48, 49, 53) Diatraea louisiadalis Hampson, 1919 : 545. Chilo louisiadalis (Hampson) Bleszynski, 19626 : 119, fig. 6 [$ genitalia]. Ocellus small. Face broadly rounded, very slightly protruding forward beyond eye ; corneous point and ventral ridge both absent. Labial palpus 3 (J) to 4 ($) times as long as diameter of eye. Fore wing : length 9-0-15-0 mm ; RI confluent with Sc ; ground-colour dull yellow-brown, markings brown ; a brown shade from apex, obliquely to discal dot, the latter in most instances very distinct ; wing longitudinally indistinctly streaked with brown ; subterminal line and median line present ; subterminal line a row of brown specks, rather distant from termen ; subdorsal tooth absent ; median line a brown shade ; discal dot present ; terminal dots present ; fringe slightly glossy. Hind wing varying cream to brown. cj genitalia (Text-figs 48, 49) : pars basalis absent ; hairs stout ; juxta-plate broad, with arms of equal length, rather short, without subapical teeth ; aedeagus with bulbose basal projection rather small ; ventral arm very strong, from near base of aedeagus ; its basal portion stem-like, narrow, the distal part very broad, tapering, with two long, thin, pointed arms of equal length ; basal margin of arm oblique ; a row of small cornuti present. $ genitalia (Text-fig. 53) : seventh sternite without a heavily sclerotized plate ; ostial pouch small, rather heavily sclerotized, well demarcated from ductus bursae ; signum absent. Host plant of the larva is unknown. Distribution. Louisiade Archipelago ; New Guinea ; Vulcan Island. This species is very close to terrenellus, which has no longitudinal streaks on the fore wing ; in < genitalia the basal margin of the arms of the ventral arm of the aedeagus is almost perpendicular to the stem, being oblique in louisiadalis. The $ genitalia of the two species are nearly indistinguishable from each other, however, REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 143 57 FIGS 49-51. Chilo, $ genitalia. 49, louisiadalis, Louisiade Arch. 50, terrenellus, Vulcan I. 51, terrenellus, Papua, New Britain. 144 S. BLESZYNSKI generally the semi-circular sclerite near the ostium bursae in louisiadalis is rather better developed, broader than in terrenellus, and the ductus seminalis is narrower than in terrenellus. Another close species is polychrysus, which, however, has metallic scales on the fore wing and is very easy to separate from louisiadalis. The ranges of both louisiadalis and terrenellus overlap. Type material examined. Holotype <. ' [Louisiade Archipelago] St. Aignan, Nov. 1897, Meek ; Dialraea louisiadalis type <$ Hmpsn.', abdomen missing, in BM(NH). 54 FIGS 52-54. Chilo, genitalia. 52, polychrysus, India, Assam. 53, louisiadalis, Dutch New Guinea. 54, terrenellus, Papua, New Britain. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 145 Other material. LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO : St. Aignan, i , in BM(NH) ; NEW GUINEA: Hydrographer Mts., 2500', i , in BM(NH); Morobe District, Wan and Padwi, 6 <$, 8 $, in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; VULCAN ISLAND : i <$, i $, in BM(NH). Chilo terrenellus Pagenstecher (PI. i, fig. 10 ; PI. 4, figs 2, 3 ; Text-figs 50, 51, 54) Chilo terrenellus Pagenstecher, 1900 : 160. Chilotraea terrenellus (Pagenstecher) Martin, 1954 : I2O > n g s I0 [c? genitalia], 17 [$ genitalia]. Chilo terrenellus Pagenstecher ; Bleszynski, 19626 : 7, fig. 7 [, in author's coll. ; Rehovot, 5 ex., in Mahon Vulcani, Bet-Dagan, Israel. SUDAN : Malek, 2 , Kosti, White Nile, i , in BM(NH) ; UGANDA : Tirynyi, i $, 2 $, in Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Kampala, Uganda, and in author's coll. Chilo diffusilineus (J. de Joannis) (PI. 2, figs 10, ii ; Text-figs 56, 59-61) Diatraea diffiisilinea J. de Joannis, 1922 : 194, pi. 8, fig. 5. Chilo phaeosema Martin, 1958 : 189, figs 2 [< genitalia], 6 [$ genitalia], pi. 6, fig. 4 [adult] Syn. n. Chilo diffusilineus (J. de Joannis) Bleszynski, 1963 : 113. Similar to agamemnon. Fore wing : length 8-0-13-0 mm ; J?i free ; ground-colour varying from orange-yellow to dirty yellow. , GS-IO72I-BM, in BM(NH). Chilo incertus (Sjostedt) comb. n. (PI. 4, fig. 14 ; Text-fig. 63) Diatraea incerta Sjostedt, 1926 : 10. Parerupa incerta (Sjostedt) Bleszynski & Collins, 1962 : 331. $. Ocellus present. Face rounded, moderately protruding forward beyond eye ; corneous point and ventral ridge both absent. Labial palpus 4 times as long as diameter of eye. Fore wing : length 12-0 mm (type in poor condition, but obviously smaller) ; RI in type confluent with Sc, but fused with Sc for a long distance in the other $ studied ; ground-colour dull yellow ; discal dot small ; subterminal line as ill-defined, yellow-brown line ; median line probably ill-defined or reduced (difficult to detect in poorly preserved specimens studied) ; terminal dots present ; metallic scales absent ; a brown oblique shade from near apex to about middle of the width of the wing ; type almost uniformly brown. Hind wing silky white. ? genitalia (Text-fig. 63) : ostial pouch heavily sclerotized, bulbous ; ductus bursae con- stricted behind ostial pouch, adjacent portion rather heavily sclerotized and swollen, but slightly narrower than the remainder of ostial pouch ; signum absent. cj unknown. Distribution. Sudan. The presence of an oblique shade in the fore wing suggests that this species comes close to agamemnon, diffusilineus and zacconius from which it is, however, very distinct in the $ genitalia as is shown in the figures. The ranges of incertus, agamem- non and diffusilineus overlap in Sudan. The type of incertus is in extremely poor condition, but the genitalia are well preserved. Type material examined. Holotype $. ' Sudan Nilen ; Pr. W. Exp. Gyld. ; REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 151 Diatraea incerta Rothsch. ; 425 58 ; 128 ', GS-ygg-SB, in Naturhistoriska Riks- museet, Stockholm. Other material. SUDAN : i $ in author's coll. Chilo psammathis (Hampson) (PI. 5, fig- 5 i Text-figs 64, 65) Argyria psammathis Hampson, 1919 : 450. Diatraea perpulverea Hampson, 1919 : 53 [syn. Martin, 1954 : 120]. 65 FIG 65-65a. Chilo, <$ genitalia. 65, psammathis, Southern Nigeria, paratype. <$ genitalia. 65a, mercatorius, Congo, Elisabethville, holotype. 152 S. BLESZYNSKI Chilotraea psammathis (Hampson) Martin, 1954 : 120, figs 8 [^ genitalia], 20 [$ genitalia]. Chilo psammathis (Hampson) Bleszynski, 19626 : 115, fig. 8 [, GS-7Oog-BM ; Natal, South Africa, i $, GS-7022-BM, all in BM(NH). Other material. KENYA : 4 ex. bred from Maize, in author's coll. ; Mombasa, i $>, in BM(NH) ; Kilin, i $, in BM(NH). TANZANIA : 4 ex. bred from maize, in author's coll. ; Lushoto, Usambara and Soni, 3 <^, 3 $, in Zoologische Sammlung d. Bayerischen Staates, Munich ; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO : Lusambo, Stanleyville, Kamina, Stan a Coq, Kabinda, Kapanga, Kibombo, Uvira, Pania a Mutombo, Katako-Kombe, Dimbelange and Kasai, taken in ii, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, x, xi, and xii, 15 ex., in Musee Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and in author's REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 165 coll. ; MADAGASCAR : Betroka, 4 J, 5 ?, in BM(NH) and in author's coll. ; 8 ex. in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Chilo aleniellus (Strand) (Text-figs 88-90, 92, 93, 101, 102) Diatraea aleniella Strand, 1913 : 77. Chilo aleniella (Strand) Bleszynski, 19626 : 112, fig. 15 [<$ genitalia]. Externally very similar to orichalcociliellus, except face, which scarcely protrudes forward beyond eye, broadly rounded, without point. FIGS 88-90. Chilo aleniellus, $ genitalia. 88, Ghana, syntype of argyrolepia. Guinea, holotype. 90, Congo. 89, Spanish 1 66 S. BLESZYNSKI o* genitalia (Text-figs 88-90) : valva narrower than in orichalcociliellus , distinctly tapering caudad ; arms of juxta-plate varying in length, but always longer than in orichalcociliellus ; aedeagus very similar to that in orichalcociliellus. $ genitalia (Text-figs 92, 93, 101, 102) : triangular spiny patches of seventh sternum absent ; membranous window of heavily sclerotized plate of seventh sternum much larger and deeper than in orichalcociliellus ; plate larger ; ostial pouch lightly sclerotized in specimens from west Africa, but asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized ring in specimens from central Africa. Distribution. Ghana ; Rio Murii ; Nigeria ; Fernando Po : Cameroon ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Uganda. The problem of this species is rather strange. The specimens from Congo have the female genitalia rather distinct from those from west Africa (Text-fig. 102) FIGS 91-93. Chilo, $ genitalia. 91, orichalcociliellus, Mozambique. 92, aleniellus, Ivory Coast. 93, aleniellus, Nigeria. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 167 in having a smaller " window " in the seventh sternum, much broader ductus seminalis and an asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized ring on the ostial pouch. The populations of aleniellus from the Democratic Republic of the Congo probably form a distinct subspecies, or perhaps they represent a separate species. Because of the variation of the female genitalia in aleniellus, sometimes it is not easy to separate some specimens of this species from those of thyrsis. The latter has the female genitalia very variable (perhaps several races are involved) as is shown in Text- figs 103, 104 and 1 06). However, the genital opening in thyrsis seems always to be larger, while being very small in aleniellus. The range of aleniellus overlaps in central Africa that of orichalcociliellus, thrysis and quirimbelhis. C. orichalcociliellus has not as yet been found in west Africa. Type material examined. Holotype <$. [Rio Muni] ' Alen ; Span. Guinea Benitogbt. 16-31. viii. 06. G. Tessmann S. G. ; Type ; Diatraea alenieUa Strand det. ; 2579 ; Fu.g.5/4.2 ', slide 267I-BM, in Institut f. Spezielle Zoologie, Berlin. Other material. GHANA : Bibianaha, i <$, 2 $ (syntypes of Diatraea argyrolepia] , in BM(NH) ; NIGERIA : south Nigeria, i $ (syntype of Diatraea argyrolepia), in BM(NH) ; Warri, 3 $, in BM(NH) ; IVORY COAST : Abidou, i $, in Zoologische Sammlung d. Bayerischen Staates, Munich ; FERNANDO Po : i -> in BM(NH) ; CAMEROON : Efulen, 380 ex., in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penn., U.S.A. and in author's coll. ; SIERRA LEONE : 3 ex., in BM(NH) ; UGANDA : Ruwenzori Range, Semliki Forest, 2 <$, i $, in BM(NH) ; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO : Upper Uelle District, Dungu, i <, in BM(NH) ; Elisabeth ville and Eala, 25 ex. taken in i-iv, vi, viii, and xi, in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, Musee Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, and in author's coll. Chilo thyrsis Bleszynski (PI. 4, fig. 8 ; Text-figs 94, 95, 99, 103-105) Chilo thyrsis Bleszynski, 1963 : 178, figs 59 [<$ genitalia], 60 [$ genitalia]. Externally almost indistinguishable from orichalcociliellus and allies. Face variable in shape, broadly rounded ; slightly or moderately produced, in most instances without corneous point, but vestigial in one $ from Malawi. $ genitalia (Text-figs 94, 95) : similar to those in aleniellus except for arms of juxta-plate and aedeagus ; apical part of right arm slightly bent ; left arm much shorter than right arm, with strong apical spine and several small setae ; aedeagus with subapical digitate process. $ genitalia (Text-figs 99, 103, 104, 105) : very variable ; genital opening large ; ' window ' in seventh sternum varying in size, large in typical specimens from Tanzania (Text-fig. 103), or reduced in specimens from central Africa and Kenya (Text-figs 104, 106) ; spikes of seventh sternum variably developed ; in most instances covering almost whole of plate ; the latter large, distinct ; caudal margin of ostial pouch distinctly strengthened in specimens from Tanzania, otherwise ostial pouch lightly sclerotized throughout ; caudal strengthening of ostial pouch in central African specimens larger ; Kenya specimens with heavily sclerotized, slightly asymmetrical ring on ostial pouch, varying in size ; the latter in all specimens bulbose ; one elongate, scobinate signum. Distribution. Tanzania ; Kenya ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Uganda ; Rhodesia. i68 S. BLESZYNSKI FIGS 94-96. Chilo, $ genitalia. 94, thyrsis, Tanzania. 95, thyrsis ssp. 96, quirimbellus, Angola, paratype. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 169 The problem of identity of this species is difficult. Particularly it is extremely difficult to find any diagnostic characters which would distinguish ^ of thyrsis from (3$ of zoriandellus. From aleniellus and orichalcociliellus , this species is easy to separate. C. orichalcociliellus has almost always a distinct corneous point on face ; valva is much wider and less tapered than in thyrsis, and the arms of the juxta-plate greatly differ from those in thyrsis, as is shown in the figures ; in the female genitalia of orichalcociliellus the genital opening is smaller than in thyrsis ; the plate of seventh sternum in orichalcociliellus is much shorter and accompanied by two additional small, triangular side plates clothed with spikes. The aedeagus in aleniellus has no subapical digitate process ; the left arm of juxta-plate is much longer than in thyrsis and is not terminated in a strong spine ; moreover the setae of the left arm in aleniellus are stronger and more numerous. Very close to thyrsis are quirimbellus and zoriandellus. C. quirimbellus is well characterized by the straight apical part of the right arm of the juxta-plate ; more- over, the apical spine of the left arm of the juxta-plate is relatively much longer than in thyrsis and the central part of the juxta-plate is not so strongly developed, which is well seen in the slides made in dorso- ventral aspect. The $$ of quirimbellus are very easily separable from those of thyrsis as follows : the plate of the seventh sternum has the peripheries free of spikes, which are concentrated in the central and caudal parts of the plate ; the ostial pouch has two heavily sclerotized rings which are always symmetrical ; the ostial opening is rather smaller than in thyrsis ; the plate of the seventh sternum forms two weak ridges commencing at the genital opening and running slightly obliquely cephalad. The (3$ of zoriandellus are either unknown, or they are practically indistinguishable from those of thyrsis. Both species occur in Kibwezi, Kenya, from whence come the type-specimens of zoriandellus. The $$ of zoriandellus have the caudal part of the ostial pouch broadly heavily sclerotized, the ostial pouch is always asymmetrical, and does not have another heavily sclerotized ring, which occurs in the specimens of thyrsis from Kenya ; the area covered with spikes of the seventh sternum, is in zoriandellus much smaller than in thyrsis. C. thyrsis occurs in several local forms. It maybe that more than one species is involved, but probably only biological studies will clarify this obscure problem. Type material examined. Holotype g. Tanzania, ' Tanganyika-Terr., Matengo- Hochland, wsw.v. Songea, 2i.-3i.i/36 ; Linda, 13-1400 mm ', GS-2575-SB, in Natur- historisches Museum, Vienna. Paratypes. Tanzania, 56 ex. Matengo ; Nyassa Lake ; Mbamba Bai ; and Songea, GS-g847-Mus. Vind., GS-g848-Mus. Vind., GS-9849-Mus. Vind., 08-9850- Mus. Vind., GS-2572-SB, GS-2573-SB, 4168-86, 08-4169-86, 08-4178-86, 08-5344- SB, and 08-6285-86, in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, and in author's coll. ; Tanzania, Morogoro, 25^.1925, I <, bred from maize, in BM(NH). Other material. KENYA : Mtito Andei, xii.igso, i ?, in BM(NH) ; Mombasa, i c, 4 ?, in 6M(NH) and in author's coll. ; Kibwezi, iv.i922, 6 ex., in 6M(NH) ; RHODESIA : Fort Jameson, 4 $, in BM(NH) ; UGANDA : Kampala, i 9, in 8M(NH) ; TANZANIA : Dar-es-Salam, i $, in 8M(NH) ; Nachingwea, 2 ?, in BM(NH) ; 1 7 o S. BLESZYNSKI DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, Dungu, Upper Uelle District, i <$, in BM(NH) ; Elisabethville ; Kasenyi ; West Kivu ; Kashusha, Ituri ; Nioka, i-iv and viii, 9 ex., in Muse'e Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and in author's coll. Chilo quirimbellus sp. n. (Text-figs 96, 98, 107) Externally very similar to thyrsis, but with fore wing more heavily irrorated with brown scales ; length of fore wing 8-0-12-0 mm. FIGS 97-99. Chilo, $ genitalia. 97, zorandiellus, Kenya. 98, quirimbellus, Angola, paratype. 99, thyrsis, Tanzania, paratype. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 171 <$ genitalia (Text-fig. 96) : differing from those in thyrsis in that apical part of right arm of juxta-plate straight, apical spine of left arm of juxta-plate much longer than in thyrsis, central part of juxta-plate much weaker. 9 genitalia (Text-figs 98, 107) : similar to those in thyrsis, except for the ostial pouch which has symmetrical double, heavily sclerotized ring ; area of spikes of seventh sternum much smaller than in thyrsis, forming two weak ridges, commencing at genital opening and running obliquely cephalad ; ' window ' in seventh sternum reduced ; ductus seminalis thin ; genital opening large ; one elongate, scobinate signum. Distribution. Angola ; Democratic Republic of the Congo. Type material examined. Holotype $. Angola, ' Ouirimbo, 75 km. E. of P- Amboim, 300 m. 7-12 May 1934 ; (Dr K. Jordan) ', GS-76o7-BM, in BM(NH). Paratypes : Angola, Quirimbo, v.ig34 (Dr K. Jordan), GS-H252-BM, i <$, 12 $, in BM(NH) and in author's coll. ; Fazenda Congulu, Amboim, Angola, 700-800 m, i $, i2-22.iv.i934, GS-7596-BM, in BM(NH) ; N'Dalla Tando, north Angola, 2700 ft, i <$, 2i.xii.i9o8 (Dr J. W. Ansorge), GS-76i4-BM, in BM(NH) ; N'Dalla Tando, north Angola, i $, 25.x. 1908 (Dr J. W. Ansorge), GS-7659-BM, in BM(NH) ; Canhoca, Angola, i <$, (Dr J. W. Ansorge), GS-7636-B6, in BM(NH) ; Benguella, Fort Quilinges, i ?, 12.1.1904 (Dr J. W. Ansorge), GS^S-BM, in BM(NH) ; Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo, 2 ?, 2i.ii and 25. xi. 1949 (Dr M. Fontaine), GS-6i55-Sb and 6460-86, in Musee Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale, Ter- vuren and in author's coll. ; Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sankuru, Komi, i-ii.1930 (/. Ghesquiere), GS-6i68-SB, in Musee Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. Chilo zoriandellus sp. n. (Text-figs 97, 1 06) Externally practically indistinguishable from thyrsis ; length of fore wing 9-5-12-0 mm. $ genitalia (Text-figs 97, 106) : genital opening large ; ostial pouch asymmetrical, with caudal part broadly heavily sclerotized and cephalic part bulbose, always lightly sclerotized. Area of spikes in plate of seventh sternum much smaller than in thyrsis. The problem of ^ of this species is not clear. Either the <$ genitalia of zoriandellus are indistinguishable from those in thyrsis, or the material from Kibwezi, Kenya does not contain the males of zoriandellus at all. Distribution. Kenya. The $ genitalia of thyrsis and of zoriandellus are very similar, but the caudal part of the ostial pouch in thyrsis has only very narrow heavily sclerotized ring (in Tanzania specimens), or moderately broad (in specimens from Kenya and central Africa), while about half of the ostial pouch is heavily sclerotized in zoriandellus. However, the small area of spikes of the seventh sternum is diagnostic for zoriandellus. For more details see under thyrsis. Type material examined. Holotype $. ' Kenya, Kibwezi, B. E. A. April 1922 (W. Feather] ', GS-H25O-BM, in BM(NH). Paratypes : Kenya, Kibwezi, 10 , iv.i922 and xii.igiS (W. Feather), GS-672I- BM, GS-7655-BM, GS-H248-BM, GS-H249-BM, GS-H253-BM, GS-H254-BM, GS-H255-BM, GS-5348-BM and GS-6283-BM, in BM(NH) and in author's coll. 172 S. BLESZYNSKI Chilo demotellus Walker (PI. 4, fig. i ; Text-figs 108, no) Chilo demotellus Walker, 1866 : 1749. Chilo demotellus Walker ; Hampson, i8g6a : 956 [in part]. Diatraea idalis Fernald, 1896 : 76, pi. 6, fig. 12 [adult]. Syn. n. Diatraea idalis Fernald ; Fernald, in Dyar, 1903 : 412. Diatraea idalis Fernald ; Forbes, 1923 : 591. 100 106 101 107 102 I .vi FIGS 100-107. Chilo, seventh segments and caudal parts of $ genitalia. 100, orichal- cociliellus, Katanga. 101, aleniellus, Kameroon. 102, aleniellus, ? ssp., Katanga. 103, thyrsis, Tanzania, paratype. 104, thyrsis ? ssp., Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kivu. 105, thyrsis ? ssp. Kenya, Kibwezi. 106, zoriandellus, Kenya, Mombasa. 107, quirimbellus , Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo, paratype. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILD 173 Diatraenopsis idalis (Fernald) Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 : 40, fig. 78 [^ genitalia]. Chilo fernaldalis Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 : 40, fig. 31 [<$ genitalia]. Syn. n. Diatraenopsis idalis (Fernald) ; McDunnough, 1939 : 25. Chilo fernaldalis Dyar & Heinrich ; McDunnough, 1939 : 25. Chilo fernaldalis Dyar & Heinrich ; Bleszynski & Collins, 1962 : 240. Diatraea idalis Fernald ; Bleszynski & Collins, 1962 : 292. Chilo demotellus Walker ; Bleszynski, 1965 : 20, pi3, pi. 43, fig. 64 D [<$ genitalia]. Ocellus light, small, or vestigial. Face strongly produced forward, conical with sharp point ; ventral ridge absent. Labial palpus 2-5 () to 3-5 ($) times as long as diameter of eye. Fore wing : length 10-5-1 7-0 mm ; R i free ; sexual dimorphism similar to that in phragmitellus ; $ with apex of fore wing distinctly more pointed and termen more oblique than in $ ; ground- colour dull grey, beige or brown, 9? lighter than $<$ ; <$ with ill-defined subterminal and median lines formed by yellowish specks ; $ fore wing unicolorous ; terminal dots present in both sexes ; metallic scales absent ; fringes slightly glossy, concolorous with ground-colour. Hind wing light brown in $, creamy white in $. <$ genitalia (Text-fig. 108) : pars basalis a distinct lobe ; juxta-plate with arms equally long, dilated posteriorly, each with subapical tooth ; aedeagus with bulbose basal projection and moderately long, hairy ventral arm ; a heavily sclerotized, posterior rod ending in a distinct spine. $ genitalia (Text-fig, no) : ostial pouch moderately sclerotized, rather poorly demarcated from ductus bursae ; the latter twisted, lightly sclerotized, with swelling ; signum absent. Distribution. U.S.A. : New Jersey, New York, Florida, Georgia. The identity of this species has hitherto been confused. The Walker description was based on a single ^ with no locality label ; moreover the type has the abdomen missing. However, the collection of the British Museum (N.H.) contains three additional <$, two of which have no locality labels and one bears a label : ' Japan '. Hampson, 1896^ : 956, gave Japan as the distribution of demo- tellus, and his opinion was certainly based on the <$ with label ' Japan '. A comparison of the Japanese <$ with the two other $ (with no locality labels) was rather difficult as the abdomen of the Japanese <$ was partly destroyed by mildew and Dermestidae. However, a careful comparison of the structure of the face and other external characters proved that it belongs to christophi, and is specifically perfectly distinct from demotellus type and two $ with no locality labels. It is very likely that the type of demotellus and two other $ come from one locality as having similar labels and way of mounting. Finally my recent study of some <$<$ of idalis from the collection of the American Museum of Natural History has thrown some more light on this problem. I have stated without doubt that some fresh <& of idalis have the transverse lines in the fore wing identical with those in the type of demotellus. It is of much importance to note that such yellow lines on the grey background do not appear in any other Chilo. A comparison of the structure of the face and the genitalia of idalis and the two demotellus proved identity of both species. I am much obliged to Dr A. B. Klots with whom I have had a discussion on the problem of the synonymy of idalis. C. fernaldalis was described from three <$ syntypes of idalis. Dyar & Heinrich in the description of fernaldalis stated that ocelli are absent in idalis, but they are present in fernaldalis. In fact, the type and the paratypes of fernaldalis have small ocelli. The female of idalis has vestigial ocelli and this was probably overlooked by Dyar & Heinrich. According to opinion of Dr. A. B. Klots and on the evidence 174 S. BLESZYNSKI of the variation of other Chilo, fernaldalis is conspecific with idalis. Consequently I consider both idalis and fernaldalis as junior synonyms of demotellus. This species externally resembles somewhat phragmitellus , but is very different in the genitalia. In addition, phragmitellus has a distinct ventral ridge of the face, which is absent in demotellus. The ranges of the two species do not overlap. Type material examined, demotellus. Holotype <. U.S.A. ' 252 ; Type ', abdomen missing, in BM(NH). idalis. Lectotype $ (selected by Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 : 40). ' New Jersey ; Diatraea idalis Fern, type ; Fernald collection ', GS-28. Nov. 25 Me No. 2, in United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. fernaldalis. Holotype <$. ' [Georgia] Ga (A. Oemler collector) ; Diatraea idalis Fern. $ ; Type No. 29437 U.S.N.M. ', GS-2I Oct. 1925 C.H. no. 2, in United States National Museum, Washington ,D.C. Paratypes (fernaldalis} : 2 <$, Georgia, in United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Other material. U.S.A., New York : Long Island, i <, lo.vii, in American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ; Georgia : Brunswick, Glenn County, i 9, 29. v., in American Museum of Natural History, New York ; Florida : Pensacole, i $, in American Museum of Natural History, New York ; no locality, probably U.S.A., 2 <$, in BM(NH). Chilo plejadellus Zincken (PI. 5, fig. 6 ; Text-figs 109, in) Chilo plejadellus Zincken, 1821 : 251. Jartheza sabulifera Walker, 1863 : 185 [syn. Fernald, 1896 : 78]. Crambus plejadellus (Zincken) Zeller, 1863 : 26. Diphryx prolatella Grote, 1882 : 273 [syn. Fernald, 1896 : 78]. Chilo oryzeellus Riley, 1882 : 135, pi. 7, fig. i [syn. Fernald, 1896 : 78]. Chilo plejadellus Zincken ; Fernald, 1896 : 78, pi. 5, figs 10, n [adults], text-fig. 3 [adult, larva, pupa]. Ocellus well developed. Face strongly protruding forward beyond eye, conical, with distinct point ; ventral ridge absent. Labial palpus 4 times as long as diameter of eye. Fore wing : length 9-0-15-0 mm ; R\ free ; ground-colour dull yellow, variably dusted with brown scales ; median line with some lustrous golden brown scales ; subterminal line formed by series of lustrous metallic, golden scales ; terminal dots distinct ; fringes strongly shiny golden, in some specimens darker than ground-colour. Hind wing white. cJ genitalia (Text-fig. 109) : valva greatly elongate with apex rounded ; pars basalis absent ; arms of juxta-plate equally long, each with subapical tooth ; aedeagus with long, hairy, apically pointed, ventral arm ; bulbose basal process small ; cornuti absent. $ genitalia (Text-fig, in) : ostial pouch well demarcated from ductus bursae, heavily sclero- tized, about twice as broad as ductus bursae ; the latter with heavily sclerotized elongate patch inside ; one very distinct, narrow, elongate signum (almost as long as half length of corpus bursae). Riley (1882) gave an account of the biology of this species. The larva was found to be a stem-borer of rice. The adults are on the wing in August until the beginning of September. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO 175 Distribution. CANADA : Ontario and Quebec ; U.S.A.: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Louisiana and Wisconsin. The type of plejadellus, Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. ; is lost. Type material examined, sabulifera. Holotype <$. ' 39.1.19.1388 ; sabulifera m.', GS-703I-BM, in BM(NH). prolatella. Holotype $. ' DiphryxprolatellaG. ; [Wisconsin] Wis ; L ', abdomen missing, in BM(NH). 109 FIGS 108-109. Chilo, genitalia. 108, demotellus, U.S.A., Georgia, paralectotype of idalis (holotype of fernaldalis) . 109, plejadellus, Canada, Quebec. 1 7 6 S. BLESZYNSKI oryzeellus. Holotype <^. ' Borer in stem of rice. Aug. 25-81 ; Chilo oryzeellus Riley type ; Type No. 3740 U.S.N.M.', in United States National Museum, Washing- ton, B.C. Other material. CANADA : Trenton, Ontario, 2 <$, i $, in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ; Quebec, i $, in author's coll. ; U.S.A.: i $, i $, in BM(NH). Chilo erianthalis Capps (Text-figs 112, 113) Chilo erianthalis Capps, 1963 : 31, figs i [adult], 2 [$ genitalia], 3, 3a [<$ genitalia]. 7/2 FIGS 110-112. Chilo, $ genitalia. no, demotellus, U.S.A., New Jersey, lectotype of idalis. in, plejadellus, Canada, Ontario. 112, erianthalis, U.S.A., Louisiana, paratype. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILD 177 Ocellus fully developed. Face strongly protruding forward beyond eye, conical with dis- tinct corneous point ; ventral ridge vestigial. Labial palpus about 3-5 times as long as diameter of eye. Fore wing : length 1 1-0-13-0 mm ; R free ; ground-colour dull brown with very slight violet reddish hue, heavily dusted with fuscous ; veins and intervenular spaces edges with light beige, giving the wing a lined appearance ; subterminal line very close to termen, slightly dentate in costal portion, consisting of series of silvery, metallically shiny scales ; median line formed by some patches of metallically cupreous scales ; terminal dots distinct ; fringes shiny. Hind wing grey-beige. (J genitalia (Text-fig. 113) : pars basalis vestigial ; arms of juxta-plate somewhat longer and thinner than in plejadellus ; aedeagus with distinct, bulbose, basal projection ; ventral projection vestigial, ending well before middle of aedeagus ; one large cornutus. FIGS 113-114. Chilo, {J genitalia. 113, erianthalis, U.S.A., Florida, 114, chiriquitensis , Mexico, Yucatan. i?8 S. BLESZYNSKI $ genitalia (Text-fig. 112) : seventh sternum without heavily sclerotized plate ; ostial pouch moderately sclerotized ; ductus bursae shorter than corpus bursae, constricted near middle ; signum slightly scobinate situated near mouth of corpus bursae. Larva feeds on Erianthus. Distribution. U.S.A. : Louisiana and Florida. Type material examined. Holotype <$. ' [Louisiana] Host Erianthus, loc. Port Blarre (La.), Jan. i, 61 <$, R. A. Agarwal ; Type No. 66663 U.S.N.M.', 08-15144- H. W. Capps. Paratypes. 4 $, same locality, one GS-I5I45-H. W. Capps ; all in United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Other material. U.S.A. : Myrtle Grove, Florida, i $, 5.v., in American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ; Oneco, Manate County, Florida, 4 $, iii, in coll. Prof. J. G. Franclemont, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. and in author's coll. Chilo chiriquitensis (Zeller) (PI. 2, fig. i ; Text-figs 114-118) Eromene chiriquitensis Zeller, 1877 : 70, pi. i, fig. 25. Silveria adelphilia Dyar, 1925 : n [syn. Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 : 32]. Silveria hexhex Dyar, 1925 : u [syn. Bleszynski, 1967 : 92]. Silveria chiriquitensis (Zeller) Dyar & Heinrich, 1927 : 31, figs 43 [$ genitalia], 44 [, in author's coll. ; GUATEMALA : i $, in author's coll. FIGS 115-118. Chilo chiriquitensis, genitalia. 115, Mexico, Colima, paratype of hexhex, 116, Mexico, Venadio. 117, Mexico, Campecha. 118, Mexico, Yucatan. :8o S. BLESZYNSKI FIGS 119120. Chilo sacchariphagus, $ genitalia. 119, sacchariphagus sacchariphagus, Madagascar. 120, sacchariphagus sacchariphagus, Philippines, Luzon. REVISION OF THE GENUS CHILO Chilo sacchariphagus sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Text-figs 119-121, 125, 126) Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer, 1856. [Pagination un-numbered.] Borer saccharellus Guenee, 1862. [Pagination un-numbered.] [Syn. Tarns, 1942 : 67.] 181 122 FIGS 121-122. Chilo sacchariphagus, <$ genitalia. 121, sacchariphagus sacchariphagus, Java, lectotype of striatalis. 122, sacchariphagus indicus, India. 182 S. BLESZYNSKI Chilo mauriciellus Walker, 1863 : 141. [syn. Tams, 1942 : 67]. Chilo venosatus Walker, 1863 : 144. Syn. n. Diatraea striatalis Snellen, 1890 : 98, pi. 2, figs 1-4. [syn. Hampson, 18966 : 953]. Diatraea striatalis Snellen ; Snellen, 1891 : 349, pi. 19, figs 1-4. Diatraea mauriciella (Walker) Hampson, 18966 : 953. Diatraea venosata (Walker) Hampson, 18966 : 954. Diatraea mauriciella (Walker) ; Vinson, 1941 : 148. Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer ; Tams, 1942 : 67. Diatraea mauriciella (Walker) ; Vinson, 1942 : 39. Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer ; Kapur, 1950 : 412, pi. 6, figs 2, 4, 9 [_<$ genitalia], n [$ genitalia]. Proceras venosatus (Bojer) Kapur, 1950 : 413 [in part], pi. 6, figs i, 5, 8 [ IIQ Diatraenopsis Dyar & Heinrich, 103, in dichromella Walker, 109 diffusifascia Hampson, 108 diffusilineus J. de Joannis, 107, 114, 146, 147-150 diletantelhis Dyar, 108 Diphryx Grote, 102, 110 discellus Walker, 108 disparella Hubner, 109 dodatellus Walker, 108 dubia Bethune-Baker, 117, 119 duomita Dyar, 108 Epina Walker, 103, 104, 109 erianthalis Capps, in, 176, 177 Eromene Hiibner, 138, 178 Erupa Walker, 108, no Eschata Moore, 104, 124 Etiella Zeller, 109 excerptalis Walker, 108 eximiellus Zincken, 108 fernaldalis Dyar & Heinrich, 103, 173-175 fernandezi J. de Joannis, 124, 126 Fernandocrambus Aurivillius, 107 forbesellus Fernald, 108 funerellus Hampson, 108 furcatellus Zetterstedt, 108 fuscata Janse, 161, 162 fuscicilia Hampson, 108 fuscidentalis Hampson, 108 galleviella Ragonot, 108, no gemininotalis Hampson, 134 gensanellus Leech, 117, 119 gigantellus Denis & Schiffermiiller, 114 gildasellus Schaus, 108 gratiosellus Walker, 108 griseoradians J. de Joannis, 108 hederalis Amsel, 108 Hemiptocha Dognin, 107 hevacleus Zeller, 108 hexhex Dyar, 103, in, 178, 179 hypenalis Rebel, 108 Hypiesta Hampson, 102, 110, 158, 159 hyrax Bleszynski, in, 121, 122-124 idalis Fernald, 103, 172-1 76 ignefusalis Hampson, 109 ignitalis Hampson, 108 ikri Fletcher, no incanellus Hampson, 108 incertellus Zincken, 108 incertulus Walker, 108 incertus Sjostedt, 114, 149, 150, 151 inconspicuellus Moore, 108 indicus Kapur, 181-185, 186, 187 infuscatellus Snellen, 106, 107, in, 114, 115, 127, 129, 130, 135 infusellus Walker, 107-110 ingloriellus Moschler, 108 inornata Staudinger, 109 interlineatus Zeller, 108 intermediellus Rebel, 116 interruptellus Moore, 108 irrectellus Moschler, 108 izouensis misspelling, 132 izuensis Okano, 132 Japonichilo Okano, 104 Jartheza Walker, 120, 122, 174 kanra Fletcher, no lathoniellus Zincken, 108 lativittalis Dognin, 108 latmiadelis Dognin, 108 leachellus Zincken, 108 lemarchandellus D. Lucas, 124, 126 Leonardo Bleszynski, 104 leptigrammalis Hampson, 108 leptogrammellus Meyrick, 108 leucaniellus Butler, 108 leucocraspis Hampson, 108, no lineolata Walker, 108, 109 locupletellus Kollar, 108 loftini Dyar, 108 louisiadalis Hampson, 106, 114, 140-142, M3-I45 luniferalis Hampson, 112, 152-155 luteellus Motschulsky, in, 116, 118-120 lutellus misspelling, 117 lutulentalis Tarns, 126, 128 maculalis Predota, 108 majorellus Costa, 108 Malgasochilo Bleszynski, 104 marcella Schaus, 109 matanzalis Schaus, 109 mauriciellus Walker, 182, 183 mercatorius sp.n., 114, 151, 158 mercurellus Zetterstedt, 109 194 INDEX Mesolia Ragonot, 108 mesoplagalis Hampson, 112, 156, 157, 159 mesostrigalis Hampson, 109 Metoecis Mabille, 107 molybdellus misspelling, 118 molydellus Zerny, 117, 118, 119 morbidellus Dyar, 109 multipunctellus Kearfott, 109 Myelobia Herrich-Schaffer, 104, 108, 109 Neargyrioides Bleszynski, 107 Nechilo Bleszynski, 109 nemorellus Hiibner, 108 Nephalia Turner, 102, 110, 138 neuricelhis Zeller, 109 nigricellus Rebel, 116 nigristigmellus Hampson, 109 nivellus Kollar, 109 obliquilineella Hampson, 107, 109 obliteratellus Zeller, 109 obtusellus Stainton, 109 ocellellus Zetterstedt, 109 ochrileucalis Hampson, 138, 140 opinionellus Dyar, 109 orichalcociliellus Strand, 105, 107, 113, 115, 162-167, 169, 172 orizae misspelling, 120 Orocrambus Purdie, 107-109 ortellus Swinhoe, 109 oryzae Fletcher, 120, 122 oryzaeellus Riley, 174 oxyprora Turner, 109 pallidifascia Janse, 161, 162 Palparia Haworth, 114 paludella Hiibner, 109 Parerupa Hampson, 150 parramattellus Meyrick, 109 partellus Swinhoe, 106, 107, 112, 115, 126-130 pauperellus Treitschke, 109 Pediasia Hiibner, no perfusalis Hampson, 112, 143-155 perpulverea Hampson, 151, 152 phaeosema Martin, 147, 148 phlebitalis Hampson, 109 phragmitellus Hiibner, 102, 106, no, in, 114-119, 173. i?4 Phycitinae, 107, 108 Platytes Guenee, 134 plejadellus Zincken, 102, 112, 115, 174177 plumbosellus Chretien, 117, 119 Plutella Schrank, 109 Plutellidae, 107, 109 poliellus Treitschke, 109 polychrysus Meyrick, 113, 135, 140-142, 144 popescugorji Bleszynski, 135, 137 porrectellus Walker, 109 powelli D. Lucas, 109 praefectellus Zincken, 109 Prionapteryx Stephens, 104 Proceras Bojer, 102, 110, in prolatella Grote, 102, no, 174, 175 prophylactes Meyrick, 109 psammathis Hampson, 114, 149, 151, 152 Pseudobissetia Bleszynski, 108, no Pseudometachilo Bleszynski, 108 pseudoplumbellus Caradja, 117, 119 pulveratus Wileman & South, 105, 113-115, 131, 132, 133 pulverosellus Ragonot, 105, 112, 123, 124-126 puritellus Kearfott, 109 purpurealis Hampson, 109 pyramidellus Treitschke, 108, 109 Pyrausta Schrank, 107 Pyraustinae, 107, 108 pyrocaustalis Hampson, 109 quirimbellus sp.n., 113, 164, 167-! 70, 172 rabatellus D. Lucas, 109 recalvus Wallengren, no repugnatalis Walker, 109 respersalis Hiibner, 107 rhombea Haworth, 114, 116 rufulalis Hampson, 109 sabulifera Walker, 174, 175 saccharalis Fabricius, 109 saccharellus Guenee, 102, no, 181 saccharicola Fletcher, no sacchariphagus Bojer, 102, 106, 107, no, 114, 115, 180, 181-188 Schoenobiinae, 107-110 Schoenobius Duponchel, 108-110, 116 Scoparia Curtis, 109 Scopariinae, 109 semivittalis Dognin, 109 shariinensis Eguchi, 130 Silveria Dyar, 102, 103, 111 simplex Butler, 1877, 109, 122 simplex Butler, 1880, 120, 126, 128, 145, 147 sordidellus Zincken, 109 spatiosellus Moschler, no spectabilis Felder & Rogenhofer, 109 spurcatellus Walker, 109 squamulellus Zeller, 109 steniellus Hampson, 108-110 INDEX 195 stenziellus Treitschke, 109 sticticraspis Hampson, 129, 130, 135 stramineellus Caradja, 182-184, 186, 187 striatalis Snellen, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186 strigatellus Hampson, 109 strigellus Treitschke, 109 submedianalis Hampson, no suppressalis Walker, 106, 107, in, 115, 118- 120, 121-124, 128, 135, 147 surinamellus Moschler, no tadzhikiellus Gerasimov, 127, 129, 130, 131 tamsi Kapur, in, 128, 129 terrenellus Pagenstecher, 106, 114, 140, 142- 145 terrestrellus Christoph, 108, no teterrellus Zincken, no Thopeutis Hiibner, 107, 108, no thyrsis Bleszynski, 105, 113, 164, 166, 167, 168-172 Tinea Linnaeus, 102, no, 114 Topeutis misspelling, 114 torpidellus Zeller, no torquatellus J. de Joannis, 137, 138 truncatellus Schaus, 110 truncatellus Zetterstedt, no try petes Bisset, no tumidico stalls Hampson, 107, 112, 115, 131, 133, 134 unicolorellus Zeller, no venatella Schaus, no venosatum emendation, 183, 186 venosatus Walker, 182, 183, 186, 187 verellus Zincken, no vergilius sp.n., 112, 119, 120, 125 vinosellus Hampson, no virgatus Felder & Rogenhofer, no xylinalis Hampson, 110 Zacatecas Bleszynski, 104 zacconius sp.n., 107, 114, 146-149, 150 zeuzeroides Walker, 109 zinckenella Treitschke, 109 zonellus Swinhoe, 126, 128 zoriandellus sp.n., 113, 164, 169-1?!, 172 The late Dr. STANISLAW BLESZYNSKI Enquiries concerning this paper to Department of Entomology, BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), LONDON, S.W.7. PLATE i FIG. i, Chilo pulverosellus, $, Bulgaria. FIG. 2, C. partellus, &/' ' *- REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES (LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE) PART VI V. G. L. van SOMEREN BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25 No. 5 LONDON: 1970 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES (LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE) PART VI BY VICTOR GURNER LOGAN van SOMEREN The Sanctuary, Ngong P.O. Box 24947, Karen, Kenya Pp. 197-250; 6 Maps, ii Plates BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25 No. 5 LONDON: 1970 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 25, No. 5, of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation Bull. Br. Mus. not. Hist. (Ent.) Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1970 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 30 September, 1970 Price 3 115. (3-55) REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHA RAXES (LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPH ALIDAE) PART VI By V. G. L. van SOMEREN CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ........... 199 1. Charaxes guderiana DEWITZ, Ch. opinatus HERON AND Ch. blanda ROTHSCHILD AND THEIR SUBSPECIES ..... 199 2. Charaxes achaemenes FELDER AND ITS SUBSPECIES .... 206 Systematic List . . . . . . . . . 212 3. Charaxes phoebus BUTLER, Ch. brutus CRAMER AND ITS SUBSPECIES AND Ch. andara WARD ........ 212 Systematic List ......... 222 4. Charaxes boueti FEISTHAMEL AND Ch. lasti GROSE SMITH AND THEIR SUBSPECIES .......... 223 Systematic List ......... 235 5. Charaxes richelmanni ROBER AND Ch. eudoxus DRURY AND ITS SUB- SPECIES .......... 236 Systematic List ......... 247 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 248 REFERENCES ........... 248 INDEX ............ 249 SYNOPSIS The species and their subspecies are dealt with, one new subspecies and a new form are described and one new name is given in place of a nomen oblitum, and one name has been synonymized. i. CHARAXES GUDERIANA DEWITZ, C. OPINATUS HERON AND C. BLANDA ROTHSCHILD AND THEIR SUBSPECIES Charaxes guderiana (Dewitz) (PI. i, figs 1-2, Map i) Nymphalis guderiana Dewitz, 1879 : 200. Charaxes pelias var. tanganika Robbe, 1892 : 133 [?]. MALE. Fore wing length 31-33 mm. Shape falcate. Upperside. Ground colour blue- black, shading to strong greenish blue at base of wing. Fore wing with a bold pattern of white spots arranged as follows : a large triangular spot, base toward costa, at end of cell ; two large elongate spots in discal line 5-6, occasionally a thin white streak at costa ; a series of bluish 2OO V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN a .a 3 i-i ^ ^3 v. C . . -3 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 201 white spots in postdiscal line, three in line in subapex 7-5, spot in 5 often small, spot in 3 large, followed by spots in 2-ia of decreasing size, the mark in ib sometimes faint, that in la often missing, the spots from 4-ib set out toward the border ; margin with large spots of decreasing size from ib to apex. Hind wing ground colour black, shading to greyish on inner fold ; a conspicuous greenish blue bar in the postdiscal line, extending from above the anal angle to 5, where the spot may be vestigial ; submargin with series of blue spots with white centres extend- ing from anal angle to costa ; margin with strong white border, interrupted by black veins, shading to olive-green between tails and at anal angle ; anal angle with two black spots. Tails sharp-pointed, upper 4 mm, lower 6 mm. Underside. Fore wing ground colour light purplish grey-brown with a darker brown band crossing the disc ; base of wing with short black bars in the cell and sub-bases of ib-2 ; a white spot at end of cell ; a series of black curved lines out- lined distally with greyish, terminating in the two white spots in the discal line ; postdiscal whitish spots accentuated internally with black ; larger black spots at tornus and space above ; margin with light greyish marks, darker in interspaces at end of veins. Hind wing ground colour similar to fore wing, with slightly more vinaceous tint ; pattern rather suppressed, basal area with a fine black line ; discal area crossed by an irregular brownish band outlined finely in black and white, fading out toward inner fold ; postdiscal row of ochreous olive and maroon lunules complete, extending from costa to above anal angle ; submargin with whitish lunules well-spaced, with orange centres, strong to upper tail then shading to olive at the anal angle ; margin brownish black with white fringe. FEMALE. Larger than the male, fore wing length 46-48 mm ; outer border usually slightly less falcate. Base of wing to end of cell and discal line xa to ib rufescent tawny, sometimes darker ; ground colour of distal portion of wing black with a large orange-ochre spot at end of cell, a smaller one sub-basal in 4, sometimes vestigial or absent ; in the discal line two large quadrate orange spots followed by larger spots of increasing size in 3 to hind margin at la ; postdiscal spots of same colour, elongate in subapex, increasing in size and more rounded, extending to 2 ; border of wing with large more rusty lunules, mostly separated by black at vein-ends but tending to be confluent toward apex. Hind wing basal area rufous tawny, sometimes dark, shading to more greyish on the inner fold ; discal orange bar, widest at costa, -68 mm, and tapering towards the inner fold where it is ill-defined, is clear-cut distally, and often with bluish scaling at tapered end, where it meets the broad black border which carries large bluish white lunules increasing in size from upper angle to anal angle ; border with strong marginal orange lunules to upper tail, then bluish olive to anal angle ; edge black ; tails long and rounded at ends, upper 7-8 mm, lower 5-6 mm. Underside. Fore wing ground colour drab greyish brown with vinaceous tinge ; strength of pattern variable ; three white-ringed dots in the cell ; a wavy black line crosses the subapex of the cell and goes through sub-base of 2, followed by a crescentic mark sub-basal in ib. A buffish spot at end of cell ; buffish spot in discal row proximally accentuated by black lines ; postdiscal buffish spots, which are not strong at the apical end, become clear toward the hind angle and defined proximally by black lines and distally by large black marks in 2, double in ib, shaded distally at tornus with whitish which extends up the submargin as ill-defined greyish lunules ; border rusty ochre. Hind wing ground colour as forewing, slightly paler at base and more greyish on inner fold ; sub-base with two fine black lines, the distal one bordering a darker brown zone which defines the inner edge of the discal band and which is again accentuated by a black line, the distal border of the band irregular, especially where it tapers to the inner fold, where it may be represented by a whitish mark ; the postdiscal zone is slightly darker in ground colour and is traversed by a series of rather ill- defined greyish olive and maroon lunules, strongest above the anal angle ; submargin with a series of greyish white lunules outlined distally in black, and represented as three black dots opposite the tails and a double spot in the anal angle ; border with greyish white lunules with orange centres as far as upper tail, then olive to anal angle ; margin darker grey to blackish, ill-defined. 202 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Charaxes guderiana rabaiensis Poulton (PI. i, figs 3-4, Map i) Charaxes guderiana rabaiensis Poulton, 1929 : 482. The male differs from nominate guderiana in being generally darker, with smaller and fewer spots in the fore and hind wings, and in lacking the postdiscal blue bar in the hind wing. The female has a much darker ground colour than nominate female, but the bars on fore and hind wing are paler, creamy ochre instead of orange. MALE. Fore wing length 30-32 mm ; shape as in nominate race. Upper side. Ground colour deep black, with only a slight greenish sheen at base of wing. Spots arranged as in nominate race, the subcostal spots equally large, but the spots in the postdiscal row much smaller, not extending beyond 2, rarely a vestigial spot in ib, all spots white ; marginal spots generally smaller. Hind wing usually without or with only the faintest trace of a postdiscal green-blue bar, submarginal spots much smaller ; marginal white lunules smaller, those at tails and anal angle with larger orange-bronze spots. Tails shorter. Underside. Ground colour very similar to nominate race, but basally paler, and the dark brownish band in fore wing in disco-postdiscal interspaces in more contrast. On the hind wing the postdiscal row of olive and maroon lunules stronger and more distinct. FEMALE. Fore wing length 35-40 mm. Upperside. Fore wing basal area blackish brown usually without any rufous tinge ; pattern of spots as in nominate race, but spot at end of cell often small or vestigial ; discal spots wider, more extended distad especially in ia-2, but post- discal spots smaller, all spots creamy ochre ; marginal spots smaller, less defined and paler. Hind wing basal area darker ; discal bar creamy ochre, usually wider ; submarginal spots almost obsolete ; rufous orange border strong to upper tail then olive at tails and anal angle. Underside. Much as in nominate race, but fore wing discal band stronger and wider ; tornal spots bolder. On the hind wing the creamy white band rather wider and more distinct ; postdiscal series of olive and maroon lunules more denned and distinct on a paler ground ; submarginal greyish lunules less strong. This subspecies is common in the savanna and bush-veldt and most plentiful in the Brachystegia woodlands, Miombo country. The larvae feed on Brachystegia spp. (Leguminosae). Charaxes opinatus Heron (PL i, figs 5-8, Map 2) Charaxes opinatus Heron, 1909 : 156, pi. 5, fig. 7. Charaxes opinatus Heron ; Jackson, 1956 : 65, pi. 3, fig. 5 ; pi. 4, fig. 5 ; pi. 6, fig. 4 ; pi. 7, fig. 4. This is an alpine species which is confined to the montane forests of western Uganda, and the highlands of the Kivu region. The male is one of the commonest Charaxes in the high forests of the Kigezi country, coming readily to bait (fermenting bananas) and ' droppings ' of carnivores ; but in spite of intensive trapping over several years only two females have been taken, both at Mafuga. Heron compared the species with Charaxes ethalion, and drew attention to the similarity of the underside to that of Charaxes anticlea. MALE. Fore wing length 30-32 mm. Shape not falcate. The males exhibit three forms on the upperside. Form i. Upperside. Ground colour rather a dull purplish black ; fore wing REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 203 Bunia* ORIENTAL PROVINCE Beni, Ruwenzori:-! CONGO Rutshuru 9 Mufumbiro Ranger"-. ^Kk' io' Muhavura .--Karisimbi MAP 2. C. opinatus 20 4 v - G- L- VAN SOMEREN immaculate except for a very fine white fringe on margin. Hind wing ground colour as fore wing, slightly more brownish on inner fold, immaculate, except for a row of submarginal bluish linear marks with white centres, largest at hind angle to upper tail, then decreasing in size to upper angle ; margin with conspicuous brick-red border commencing just short of upper angle and extending to lower tail, then olive at anal angle ; extreme margin black with fine white fringe ; margin only slightly dentate. Tails moderately long and slender, upper 7 mm, lower 5 mm, black-edged, with red central line. Forma. This is the nominate form. Similar to form i, but with a row of dull brick-red spots in the postdiscal line on the hind wing extending from above the anal angle at 2, to the upper angle at 6, the lower marks to 4 conjoined, the rest free ; on the margin the brick-red border is more developed. Form 3. Very similar to form 2, but with a conspicuous series of brick-red linear marks in the postdiscal of the fore wing, extending from ib to 5 following the contour of the outer margin ; the spot in 5, small and set in. Hind wing as in form 2. Underside. Ground colour satiny brownish grey, the fore wing crossed by two darker brownish bands, that in sub-base broad, passing through the upper end of the cell where it is 5 mm wide, then tapering very slightly through sub-bases ib-2, the band is narrowly out- lined in black and white. A discal brown band, widest at costa and through 6-5, becomes narrower and irregular through 4-ib. Outer marginal border in curve of the wing brownish, broad at centre but tapering at both apex and tornus. Basal area of cell with three white- ringed black dots. Hind wing ground colour as fore wing, disc of wing crossed by a strong brownish band, in line with that of the fore wing, edged black and white ; the postdiscal band narrow at costa, widens in the middle area and then tapers toward the inner fold above the anal angle, where the edges are more defined ; submargin with a series of linear black marks edged whitish internally and greenish distally, spots double at anal angle ; margin with dull reddish extending from upper angle to lower tail, where the border becomes olive at the anal angle ; extreme edge fringed with reddish. FEMALE. Fore wing length 35 mm ; apex rather more pointed than male. Upperside. Ground colour black ; wing crossed by a white band, divided at costal end into discal and post- discal spots which become conjoined at 3, forming more quadrate spots and extending to the hind margin in za. No spots on margin. Hind wing ground colour black ; disc of wing crossed by a white band, commencing at costa where it is 5 mm wide, is almost parallel-sided to 2, where it tapers toward the inner fold but does not cross it. Submargin with a series of well separated linear white marks, double at anal angle and slightly blue-ringed ; margin with slight rusty lunules from upper angle to upper tail. Tails long and slender, upper 7 mm, lower 5 mm. Underside. Fore wing somewhat as in the male, slightly less satiny brown, the ground colour slightly darker ; the discal white band of upperside well represented. Hind wing basal area slightly darker, sub-basal brownish band stronger ; discal white band in strong contrast, offset by a dark postdiscal zone, the white band not crossing the fold but there represented by a greyish mark. Submarginal series of white and black lunules complete ; marginal border as in the male. Range : This species seems to be confined to the mountains of the western area of Uganda, the Kivu Mountains and is also recorded from the forests N.W. of Lake Tanganyika, no specific locality being given (Grauer). It was first taken on the eastern side of the Ruwenzori Mountains, Mubuku Valley, 5000 ft by the BM(NH) Expdt. 1905, and subsequently at the Namwamba Valley, 6500 ft, BM(NH) Expdt. 1934-35. Then there is an apparent break until one reaches the montane forests of the Kigezi area at Mafuga, Rutenga and Ruhiza, 6000-9000 ft. It is also recorded from the Niragongo forest, N.E. Kivu (T. A. Barnes). REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 205 Charaxes blanda blanda Rothschild (PI. i, figs 9-10, Map i) Charaxes blanda Rothschild, 1897 : 507 ; Rothschild & Jordan, 1898 : pi. 6, fig. 3 (blandus). The unique type of this species was taken by Reimer in the Mikindani area of Tanzania, which lies to the north of the mouth of the Ruvuma River on the Tan- zania-Mozambique border. It has remained the sole example of the species trom that area in spite of intensive search of recent years ; the female is still unknown. This is the more surprising since the subspecies blanda kenyae of the Kenya coast has been taken in some numbers. MALE. Fore wing length 31 mm ; shape rather falcate, though the apex of wing is rather rounded ; margin bluntly dentate. Upperside. Fore wing ground colour black, with greenish sheen at base of wing. Pattern not strong, consisting of a small obscure spot at distal upper end of cell ; four blue spots in discal line (no spot in 4), subcostal mark elongate, one below small, spots in 3 and 2 larger and more rounded ; the postdiscal series of spots are bluish white, three subapical in a line followed by spots of increasing size more or less parallel to the margin of the wing, those in ib and la more diffuse and bluish ; margin without marks except for slight white fringe between dentations. Hind wing, basal area black, shading to brownish on inner fold ; disc of wing crossed by a bluish white band, represented at subcosta by a small free spot, the rest conjoined and of increasing width to 2, then tapering toward the inner fold, where it is represented by a whitish triangular mark above the anal angle. Well separated submarginal linear marks pale blue, more purplish at anal angle ; marginal lunules present, commencing above upper tail, greenish blue to golden olive at anal angle. Margin dentate, tails long and thin, pointed, upper 5 mm, lower 6 mm, black with thin median line. Underside. Boldly patterned. Fore wing basal area greyish brown, with black spots and lines crossing the cell, one at base, a double spot beyond, followed by an angled line in subapex and a straighter line at apex continued through sub-base 3 with a line sub-base in 2. These lines define the inner edge of a darker brown bar, which in turn is accentuated by a wavy black line where it meets the discal bar ; the latter is silvery grey and rather ill-defined distally, where it borders on a broader dark greyish brown zone. It is fairly straight on its inner border but irregular on outer, where it is crossed by the postdiscal row of silvery grey spots, bordered with blackish in 2 and ib but ill-defined at upper half, where it merges into the submarginal silvery grey band. The latter is forked at the costal end, fading out at the tornus, where there is a double blackish mark ; the curved outer border of wing dark greyish brown. Hind wing basal area greyish brown to discal silvery white bar, sub-base crossed by a silvery bar outlined in black stopping short of the inner fold ; the narrow discal bar crosses the wing from the costa to inner fold, where it stops short but is represented on the inner fold by a whitish line, the inner edge of the bar accentuated by black. The outer edge merges into a dark brownish zone which carries a series of black and olive lunules extending from costa to above the anal angle ; submargin with a continuous series of whitish lunules, distally edged in black, which forms loops between the tails and at anal angle, these all have lilac centres ; admargin maroon to upper tail then golden olive, edged white, then black. Margin dentate, tails black with olive mid-line. Range : The only known locality for this race is Mikindani, north of the mouth of the Ruvuma River on the Tanzania-Mozambique border. 206 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Charaxes bland a kenyae Poulton (PI. i, figs 11-12, Map i) Charaxes blanda kenyae Poulton, 1926 : 552. MALE. Fore wing length 31-34 mm ; more falcate than nominate race. Upper side. Fore wing, the spot in the cell well developed and blue ; the upper spots in the discal and postdiscal lines as far as 2 larger and white, the spot in ib of the postdiscal line larger and often extended proximad to discal line, the mark in la a long streak, these latter marks strongly blue. Hind wing, the broad disco-postdiscal band brighter iridescent blue ending in whitish toward the inner fold, at the costal end the blue is continuous to the subcosta, and in addition, a discal subcostal spot is present ; the spots on the black border as in the nominate race. Underside, Fore wing much as in the nominate race but discal and postdiscal spots more distinct, the dark quadrate brown mark in subapex stronger, and the black surrounding the postdiscal spots in ib and 2 stronger. Hind wing, the discal silvery bar is more angled on the outside in 5, and the inner fold to as far as the discal bar is distinctly buff ; the postdiscal row of black and olive lunules is more distinct on a paler ground ; the submarginal whitish lunules distinctly more bluish distally ; the admargin more reddish to upper tail, then golden olive to anal angle, which has the two bluish white spots ; margin as in the nominate race. FEMALE. Larger than the male, fore wing length 36-37 mm ; shape slightly less falcate. Upperside. Fore wing ground colour less intense black and with less greenish at base of wing. Pattern as in the male but all spots larger, the spots in la-ib conjoined, all spots bluish white ; some dark scaling indicating the line of junction of the two rows in 2 and ib, the mark in la a long streak. Hind wing discal patch bluish white, more strongly blue on distal border, represented at subcosta by a free white spot in the discal line and conjoined spots in the post- discal line ; submarginal spots bluish white ; admarginal angled marks somewhat orange above upper tail, then olive to tails but bronzy at anal angle. Tails long with rounded ends, upper 8 mm, lower 7 mm. Underside. Pattern essentially similar to that of male, but fore wing ground colour paler and more satiny, the silvery sub-basal area and that of the discal row of spots more distinct ; tornal double black mark strong. On the hind wing the silvery discal bar strong ; the zigzag postdiscal line of lunules stronger and the border of the wing more satiny ; the admarginal reddish lunules above upper tail strong, golden olive at anal angle with greyish blue spots outlined in black, strong. The female oviposits on Dalbergia (Papilionaceae) and also on Brachystegia spp. (Caesalpinaceae). Range : Occurs in the forests north of Mombasa ; the types are from the Sekoke forest, 1921 (van Someren), but it is now known to occur not only in the Sekoke- Arabuko forest but also in the forest patch around Gedi and Kilifi. 2. CHARAXES ACHAEMENES FELDER AND ITS SUBSPECIES A species with a very wide distribution, extending from the Natal area of South Africa to northern Ethiopia and Sudan, then westward to the West Coast. It is found in the savannah country and light woodland, wherever its food plants, Ptero- carpus spp., are abundant. Various ' forms ' have been described, but no attempt has been made to divide the species into geographical races or subspecies, though there is an obvious difference between the females of the southern group and those of the northern and western areas ; the males however exhibit no great difference in pattern or colour. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 207 In 1904, Suffert described the form (subsp.) fasciatus, based on males and females from the Mhonda area of the Morogoro district of Tanzania. In 1925, Joicey & Talbot described a female from the southern Sudan as f. monticola. Poulton (1926) refers to these two ' forms ' as ' Abs '. Up to this time, the species was represented in most collections mainly by male specimens, this sex being much in evidence throughout its range. Since the introduction of the ' hanging trap ' method of capture, large numbers of females have been taken, and these indicate clearly that the species can be divided up into two main groups, achaemenes of the southern areas and those of the northern zone, north of the Equator. The first reference in literature to a recognition of a northern subspecies is that of Carpenter & Jackson, 1950, when they refer to examples of the species from the Suk area of Kenya, trinominally, as achaemenes monticola Joicey & Talbot. This is a reference in the text, but there is no formal elevation of the name monticola to sub- specific rank. Having examined a large quantity of material from throughout the range of the species, the following division is submitted. It is supported by ecological factors. Charaxes achaemenes achaemenes Felder (PI. i, figs I3-I4> Map 3) Charaxes achaemenes Felder, 1866 : 446, n. 739, pi. 59, figs 6-7. MALE. Fore wing length 36-38 mm. Shape rather falcate, but degree of inward curvature of the outer margin at 4-6 variable ; strongly falcate forms commoner in dry areas of distribu- tion. Upper side. Fore wing ground colour of basal area to just beyond mid cell and proximal border of discal bar, la-ib, brownish olive, shading into the brownish black ground colour of the rest of the wing ; a small creamy spot occasionally present at end of cell, a sub-basal spot in 4. Discal bar pale creamy white : two upper spots, rounded or irregular in shape at about mid-point areas 6-5, no spot in 4, sub-basal spots in 3-2 larger and more rounded on inner side, slightly indented distally, large quadrate mark in ib, a linear mark in ia, the bar is widest in ib : 5-6 mm. Postdiscal series of spots : three in line in sub-apex, the lower small, spot in 4 set in, followed by angular marks in 3-2, in contact with, or slightly separate from discal marks in same areas. Margin with small linear marks in centres from 7 to hind angle, double mark in ib. Hind wing, brownish olive at base, more greyish on inner fold. Discal creamy white bar clearly denned in upper part at costa and on outer edge to cell it fades out into the greyish inner fold, width 4-6 mm at cell. Distal half of wing black or brownish black, submargin with series of slightly angular or crescentic white marks from upper angle to anal angle, those opposite tails slightly blue-edged distally ; margin with narrow bluish line in tail region, the blue extend- ing into the mid-line of tails which are thin, upper 5-6 mm, lower 7-8 mm long. Underside. Fore wing, ground colour brownish grey, slightly paler in the cell, which is crossed by thick chestnut lines, one at base, a short bar at mid point, followed by a curved line and a transverse one at end of cell. The pale whitish discal bar is accentuated proximally with thick chestnut lines in 3 and 2, the latter with an additional sub-basal line, the chestnut line in ib in the form of a U, the outer arm continuous with the sub-basal line in area above. The division between the discal and postdiscal whitish spots indicated by a dark area in 6-7, then by brownish black marks in 5-2 ; the postdiscal pale spots accentuated distad by black dots becoming larger in 2, and conspicuous in ib, where the mark is double and bold. The submargin is ornamented by a brownish line interrupted distally by marginal whitish marks which extend from apex to hind angle. Hind wing, ground colour brownish grey, the basal area crossed by heavy chestnut lines at the base, and by finer interrupted ones toward the inner fold and over lower end of 208 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN discal zone, the two lower ones crossing at right angles to the fold above the anal angle. Post- discal zone with a series of brownish grey lunules strongly accentuated proximally in black in the upper half but less strongly in 4 to above the anal angle. Submargin with whitish lunules distally accentuated in black, with strong black at base of upper tail, and two black dots in the olive anal angle. Margin with some rufous orange coloration above the upper tail ; margin narrowly black with some white scales. FEMALE. Fore wing length 40-42 mm. Shape similar to that of male or less falcate. Upperside. Fore wing, base rufous or rufous chestnut to as far as the discal line in ia-2 and to the end of the cell ; remainder of the wing brownish black ; an ochre spot indicated at end of cell, a more distinct spot sub-basal in 4 ; disco-postdiscal bar as in the male, but spots larger and ochre-orange in colour, the upper spots in 4-5 conjoined by rufous scaling ; margin with large orange-ochre, rather quadrate marks from apex to hind angle, the marks twice the size of the intervening black. Width of discal bar in ib-2, 5-6 mm wide, the conjoined bar SIERRA LEONE {--. IVORY COAST'- \ ; , ' v '*i O /GHANA! { ; \ < CENTRAL AFRICAN'*. REPUBLIC CHARAXES ACHAEMENES ^k C. achaemcncs achaemcnes d C. achaemcnes achaemencs, f. Jasciatus t C. achaemcncs monticola O C. achaemcnes crythraea 9 C. achaemcncs 'cline' O C. achaemenes atlantica MAP 3 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 209 almost parallel-sided up to 3. Hind wing basal area rufous, merging into proximal edge of discal bar in cell area and into the more greyish of the inner fold ; the upper end of the bar slightly paler than fore wing bar ; distal portion of wing black with a well marked series of white lunules edged with bluish opposite the tails in submarginal zone ; marginal border slightly orange toward upper angle, more strongly blue opposite tails, then olive at anal angle. Tails thin and long, upper 8-9 mm, lower 10 mm. Underside. Much as in the male, pattern slightly bolder ; the disco-postdiscal and discal bars in hind wing creamy white. Variation. The males are remarkably constant ; a few may show a slight increase in size of the submarginal spots in the hind wing. Females also hardly vary ; there may be an increase in the degree of blue around the submarginal spots in the hind wing, this colour sometimes tending to encircle the spots of the lower end opposite the tails ; these slight variations seem to occur more often in the low coastal areas of Mozambique. Occasional aberrations exhibiting partial melanism have been recorded. Overlaet figures a gynandromorph from Upemba Park, Katanga. Range : The type is said to have come from Port Natal (Durban), but probably came from further inland. The species occurs commonly in Transvaal, S. Mozam- bique, Rhodesia, Zambia, eastern Angola and Katanga ; western and central Tanzania ; also in the savannah country of Kenya around Taveta, Voi and Kibwezi. In south-eastern and eastern Tanzania the ' form ' fasciatus Suffert occurs, and is dealt with separately hereafter. Charaxes achaemenes form or var. fasciatus Suffert (PI. 2, figs 15-16, Map 3) Charaxes achaemenes form/subspecies fasciatus Suffert, 1904 : 123. Charaxes achaemenes f. ab. fasciatus Suffert ; Poulton, 1926 : 573. Special mention is made of this variation since it appears to be dominant in eastern parts of Tanzania, and is probably a climatic variant. MALE. Upper side. Fore wing, ground colour rather darker than nominate race, the white bar sometimes very narrow in la-ib, but variable. The marginal white spots often larger. On the hind wing the submarginal white spots are large and often blue-ringed, especially the lower ones opposite the tails ; the marginal border usually more strongly marked, sometimes extending beyond the upper tail. Underside. Ground colour darker. FEMALE. Fore wing length 42-43 mm. Upperside. Fore wing, ground colour darker, especially at base. The disco-postdiscal bar tending to be wider in ia-3 ; the hind wing bar paler than that of fore wing, strongly encroached upon by the basal rufous colour. Submarginal white spots larger with strong blue surround, the blue scaling more often extending inward over the distal portion of the black band ; marginal border orange in upper portion, bluish white in region of tails, olive at anal angle. Underside. Ground colour often paler. Range : Tanzania. From Lindi to Songea and north to the Morogoro area at Mhondo and (?) Turiani. Charaxes achaemenes monticola Joicey & Talbot (PI. 2, figs 17-12, Map 3) Charaxes achaemenes f. monticola Joicey & Talbot, 1925 : 645. Charaxes achaemenes ab. $ monticola Joicey & Talbot ; Poulton, 1926 : 573. 2io V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Charaxes achaemenes monticola Joicey & Talbot ; Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. [Referred to trinominally in text, but no formal elevation of status.] Charaxes achaemenes Felder ; Carpenter, 1935 : 359 . [Referred to binominally.] Charaxes achaemenes Felder ; Wilson, 1950 : 231. C. achaemenes of the northern regions, north of the Equator, from north of Lake Victoria to Ethiopia and Sudan represents an ecological aggregate sufficiently distinct from nominate southern achaemenes, deserving of recognition, as a good subspecies. Representatives of this aggregate in the more western areas of the Central African Republic, N. Cameroons and N.E. Nigeria differ slightly and are referred to separately. Males of monticola are very stable, but females are rather variable within the restrictions which separate them from nominate achaemenes. MALE. Fore wing length 35-36 mm ; shape usually rather falcate. Upperside. Fore wing pattern as in the nominate race, the junction of the olive base with the black beyond, more strongly greenish ; the disco-postdiscal bar rather narrow as a rule, seldom exceeding 5 mm in ib. The marginal spots very small. On the hind wing the submarginal spots are usually small with little or no blue distally. Upper tails short, 4-5 mm, lower 8 mm. Underside. Pattern as in nominate race, but distal portions of both wings more brownish ; the postdiscal lunules stronger. FEMALE. Fore wing length 41-45 mm ; shape less falcate than in the male. Upperside. Fore wing pattern generally similar to that of the nominate race but spots rather more restricted, the marginal spots smaller. Three forms occur : Form i. The ground colour is very similar to that of the male ; the fore wing disco-postdiscal bar creamy white except for the spots in the postdiscal line, which are slightly tinged ochreous ; the marginal spots small and ochreous. Hind wing black band broad, the submarginal spots moderately large. This form is thus somewhat ' male-like ', and is exceptional. Wing length 41 mm. Form 2. Ground colour of fore wing as in form i, but disco-postdiscal spots orange-ochre except for lower ones in ib & la, which are creamy white. Marginal spots small, ochre-orange. This is the dominant form and agrees with the type. (PI. 2, fig. 19.) Form 3. The base of the fore wing rufous chestnut ; the spot at end of cell more distinct ; the disco-postdiscal bar more orange-ochre to hind margin ; the marginal spots larger. The bar on the hind wing ochreous ; the submarginal spots larger. Undersides in all three forms much as in the male, but pattern bolder. (PI. 2, fig. 18.) Range : Kenya : West of Rift Valley, at Baringo, Suk and Turkana. Uganda : Karamoja ; Nile Province, Madi, Metu. Lake Albert area at Masindi and Budongo area outside forest. Sudan : southern and mid Sudan. Ethiopia : in the south- western regions. Charaxes achaemenes f. erythraea Storace (PI. 2, fig. 22, Map 3) Charaxes achaemenes f. erythraea Storace, 1948 : 13241. Charaxes achaemenes Felder ; Wilson, 1950 : 231. This ' form ' of uncertain status was described from a single male taken at Asmara, Eritrea on the Red Sea coast. It was described as being ' a little smaller than the nominate form. Dorsal pubescence of the thorax the same colour as the adjoining parts of the wings ; otherwise colour and pattern of body as in typical form'. There REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 211 is nothing in the detailed description which follows to distinguish it from males from further south in S. Sudan, i.e. monticola. Storace compared it with males from S. Congo (Katanga). Butler records achaemenes from Atbara and Karidera on the Nile in northern Sudan, and Wilson (1950) notes the species as common in ' Cen