J-S./n. BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY VOL. XIV 19631964 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1964 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. I . J 7 May 1963 No. 2 2 3 August 1963 No. 3 . . . . -8 November 1963 No. 4 9 October 1963 No. 5 . . - 20 December 1963 No! 6 . . - 20 December 1963 No. 7 . -3 December 1963 No' 8 .... 27 February 1964 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED LONDON CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XIV No. i. The Coccinellidae of the third Mount Everest Expedition, 1924 (Coleoptera). By A. P. KAPUR i No. 2. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. III. Pyrgomorphidae. By V. M. DIRSH 49 No. 3. Species-groups in Ctenophthalmus (Siphonaptera : Histrichopsyllidae). By F. G. A. M. SMIT 105 No. 4. A revision of the genus Deretrichia Weise (Coleoptera : Eumolpidae). By B. J. SELMAN 153 No. 5. A revision of the genus Candalides and allied genera (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). By G. E. TITE 197 No. 6. On the Leptocerinae of the Indian sub-continent and North East Burma. By D. E. KIMMINS 261 No. 7. Some Tipulidae from Tibet and upper Burma in the British Museum (Natural History) (Diptera). By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER 317 No. 8. Observations on African mealy-bugs (Hemiptera : Coccoidea). By G. DE LOTTO 341 Index to Volume XIV 399 THE COCCINELLIDAE OF THE THIRD MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION, 1924 (COLEOPTERA) A. P. KAPUR BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. i LONDON: 1963 THE COCCINELLIDAE OF THE THIRD MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION, 1924 (COLEOPTERA) BY A. P. KAPUR Zoological Survey of India *->tJ , Calcutta. Pp. 1-48 ; 17 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. i LONDON: 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 14, No. i of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum, 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued 77 May, 1963 Price Thirteen Shillings THE COCCINELLIDAE OF THE THIRD MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION, 1924 (COLEOPTERA) By A. P. KAPUR SYNOPSIS The Coccinellidae of the Third Mount Everest Expedition, 1924, were collected from Sikkim and Darjeeling as well as from the higher and less explored parts of the Himalaya in Tibet. The collection includes fifty-one species, of which four have already been described as new by the writer, and sixteen more are described here for the first time. The collection comprises a mixture of palaearctic, oriental and endemic species, of which the endemic element represents about two-thirds of the total. The genera, however, are, with one exception, either palaearctic or oriental. INTRODUCTION THE Coleoptera of the British Mount Everest Expedition, 1921, were studied by Blair (1922) who reported, in all, 21 specimens belonging to eight species of seven different families. No Coccinellid was recorded from this collection. The Coleoptera of the Second Mount Everest Expedition, 1922, contained five species of Carabidae (vide Andrewes, 1923) and seven of Heteromera (vide Blair, 1923) and so far as I am aware, no Coccinellid was reported from this expedition either. The Coleoptera collected by the Third Mount Everest Expedition, 1924, were, however, remarkable for their numbers and variety. The Carabidae, reported upon by Andrewes (1930), alone constituted 105 species and varieties of which 54 species were new to science. The Heteromera, dealt with by Blair (1927), contained some 30 species of which nine were new. The present account of the Coccinellidae of the Third Mount Everest Expedition, 1924, is based on the rich collections made by Major R. W. G. Kingston, the Surgeon Naturalist with the Expedition. The material deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London, is in an excellent state of preservation. It comes from both the lower and better known parts of the Himalaya such as Darjeeling and Sikkim and from the high and less explored parts such as Tibet. The material actually before me contains 45 species of which 16 are new to science. Six other species of the genus Cryptogonus Mulsant (Tribe Aspidimerini) four of them new, were dealt with by me earlier (Kapur, 1948). The collection of Coccinellidae of the Third Mount Everest Expedition, therefore, contains 51 species of which 20 are new. It is to be noted that the species occurring at higher altitudes (say 9,000 feet and above, mainly in Tibet) are either endemic or palaearctic and that in almost all A. P. KAPUR cases the genera are palaearctic. On the other hand the species from lower altitudes (2,500-8,500 feet, mainly in Sikkim) are a mixture of endemic and oriental forms. In both the endemic element is large (36 species out of a total of 51). My sincere thanks are due to the Keeper, Department of Entomology, British Museum (N.H.), London, and to Dr. E. B. Britton of the same department, for the loan of the material and for their co-operation. I am also grateful to Dr. M. L. Roonwal, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, for giving facilities to complete this work. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Table of Coccinellidae collected by the Third Mount Everest Expedition, 1924. Name of species Subfamily I EPILACHNINAE 1 . Epilachna dodecastigma (Wiedemann) 2. Epilachna indica Mulsant 3. Epilachna sikkimica, sp. n. 4. Afissa bengalica Dieke 5. Afissa congener (Gorham) 6. Afissa gibber a (Crotch) 7. Afissa hingstoni, sp. n. 8. Afissula sanscrita (Crotch) 9. Afidentula himalayana sp. n. Subfamily II COCCINELLINAE Tribe i COCCIDULINI 10. Singhikalia ornata, gen. et sp. n. Tribe 2 NOVIINI 11. Rodolia guerini (Crotch) Tribe 3 SCYMNINI 12. Pullus bourdilloni Kapur 13. Pullus testacecollis , sp. n. 14. Pullus hingstoni, sp. n. 15. Pullus, sp. Tribe 4 ASPIDIMERINI 1 6. Cryptogonus postmedialis Kapur 17. Cryptogonus quadriguttatus Weise 1 8. Cryptogonus ariasi (Mulsant) 19. Cryptogonus hingstoni Kapur 20. Cryptogonus himalayensis Kapur 2 1 . Cryptogonus complexus Kapur Darjee- ling dist. Sikkim Tibet Altitude in feet 4,000 4,000 2,500 4,000 4,000 8,000 10,000 3.5oo; 10,000 7,000- 8,000 3,500 5,000 3,500 3,500 6,000 5,000 6,000 8,500 3,500- 5,00 4,000 5,000 5,000 3,500 5,000 Remarks Oriental Oriental Oriental EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE Name of species Darjee- ling dist. Sikkim Tibet Altitude in feet Remarks Tribe 5 CHILOCORINI 22. Chilocorus hauseri Weise 23. Chilocorus braeti Weise Tribe 6 SYNONYCHINI 24. Leis dimidiata (Fabr.) 25. Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope) 26. A iolocaria dodecaspilota (Hope) 27. Ballia gustavi Mulsant 28. Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant 29. Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant 30. Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant 31. Oenopia quadripunctata sp. n. 32. Coelophora sexareata Mulsant 33. Coelophora nitidicollis sp. n. Tribe 7 HIPPODAMIINI 34. Hippodamia heydeni (Weise) 35. Adonia variegata (Goeze) Tribe 8 COCCINELLINI 36. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) 37. Lioadalia luteopicta (Mulsant) 38. Synharmonia billieti (Mulsant) 39. Synharmonia signatella (Mulsant) 40. Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow 41. Coccinella tibetina, sp. n. 42. Coccinella lama, sp. n. 43. Coccinella nigrovittata, sp. n. 44. Calvia sykesi (Crotch) 45. Calvia shiva, sp. n. 46. Calvia durgae, sp. n. 47. Calvia trilochana, sp. n. 48. Calvia pinaki, sp. n. 49. Calvia pasupati, sp. n. Tribe 9 PSYLLOBORINI 50. Halyzia straminea (Hope) 5 1 . Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant 5,000 5.; 7,000 4,000 3.500- 4,000 3,500 3,5oo 3,5oo; 5,ooo 4,000 4,000; 5,00 4,000 4,000; 5,000 7,000 Palaearctic 14,500 Palaearctic '* x 14,000- Palaearctic 15,000 X 3,00 Palaearctic x 11,000- Palaearctic 13,000 x 9,500 X 7,000 ; 11,000 x 14,000; 14,500 x 14,000 x 14,500- 15,000 x 14,500 ? 7,000 X 5,000 X 5,000 X S, 000 X 5,000 X 5,000 5,000 5,ooo; 10,000 Palaearctic A. P. KAPUR Subfamily EPILACHNINAE Epilachna dodecastigma (Wiedemann) Coccinella dodecastigma Wiedemann, 1823 : 73-74. [Type loc., Bengal]. Epilachna dodecostigma Mulsant, 1850 : 789. [Misspelling]. Epilachna dodecastigma (Wiedemann) Mulsant, 1853 : 248. Epilachna dodecastigma Mulsant ; Korschefsky, 1931 : 28. Epilachna dodecastigma (Wiedemann) ; Dieke, 1947 : 31. Material, i $, SIKKIM, Pedong, 4,000 ft., 29.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston). This example possesses all the seven black spots on the pronotum and the same number on each elytron, the seventh spot being the smallest and subapical. The spots in this species exhibit considerable variation in number and size ; the maximum number of spots in the pronotum is seven and on the two elytra 28. This species is thus easily confused with other species of the genus that possess the same number of elytral spots. For correct recognition of the species, therefore, characters other D B FIG. i. Outlines showing the patterns : A, Epilachna indica Mulsant. B, Afissa hingstoni, sp. n. c, Afissa gibber a (Crotch). D, Afissa bengalica Dieke. (4 mm. scale for figs. A, B, c. 3 mm, scale for fig. D.) EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 7 than coloration have to be relied upon and in the case of the present group of species of Epilachna the structure of the male and the female genitalia is particularly useful. The type locality of E. dodecastigma is Bengal. The species is common in Calcutta where the number of elytral spots is generally 12-14 ; in the northern hilly districts of the State the number of spots is generally more, and often 26-28, on the two elytra. The genitalia and most external characters of the specimen under report agree with the material of the species from Bengal. The species is widely distributed in other countries such as Burma and Indonesia. Epilachna indica Mulsant (Text-fig. lA) Epilachna indica Mulsant, 1850 : 776-777 [Type loc., India]. Epilachna indica Mulsant ; Kapur, 1961 : 133-140. Material, i , SIKKIM, Gantok, 4,000 ft., 27.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Kingston). The above example is easily recognised as belonging to E. indica by the transverse shape of the black discal spot on the elytra and by the outline of the female genital plate which is devoid of a deep notch. The species is widely distributed, having been recorded from several places in north-eastern India, Burma, China, Malaya and Java (vide Kapur, 1961). Epilachna sikkimica sp. n. (Text-figs. 2A-D) $. Body almost similar in appearance to Epilachna indica Mulsant but distinctly more obovate (Text-fig. 2, A), with the apical one-third of the lateral margins of elytra broadened ; maximum convexity in the middle of the body. Head reddish-testaceous, eyes grey ; pronotum also reddish-testaceous, with four black to piceous spots, the anterior lateral pair black, oval, fairly large and extending along the entire lateral margin of the pronotum, the posterior pair also black, smaller, roundish and lying close to the basal margin, the discal spot piceous, ill- defined but on the whole elongate and extending from near the anterior margin to the centre of the basal margin. Scutellum black. Elytra with 12 black spots, arranged as 2, 2, 2 on each elytron, and a number of piceous, ill-defined spots in the interspaces, and with none of these touching any of the black spots which may be described as follows : the scutellar spot broadly oval, fairly close to the sutural margin, and commencing from a little distance below the level of the apex of scutellum to about one-fifth of the length of elytron. The shoulder spot larger than the preceding, roundish, close to but not touching the basal and the lateral margins. The discal spot situated at about two-fifths of the length of elytron, roundish but slightly smaller than the preceding spot, equidistant from the sutural margin and the inner margin of the median lateral spot which is also roundish, and sub-equal in size to the discal spot ; the median lateral spot situated at a slightly lower level than the latter and though close, it does not touch the lateral margin. The post-median sutural spot roundish and smallest, at level with the anterior sutural spot. The sixth or the subapical spot situated at about four- fifths of the length, largest, transversely oval, and closer to the lateral than the sutural margin. The piceous spots or areas on the elytra referred to above, as shown by dotted areas in Text-fig. 2, A. Underside with the thoracic sternites, the median parts of abdominal sternites, the greater part of femora (excepting knees) of all the three pairs of legs, piceous ; the elytral epipleura somewhat dark, especially at the narrow external margin which appears almost piceous ; the rest of the underside testaceous. Pubescence greyish throughout on the testaceous surface and the black and piceous areas or spots except on the black elytral spots where it is cinereous. 8 A. P. KAPUR Head with fine, fairly close, and impressed punctation ; pubescence rather small and fairly close. Pronotum transverse, twice as broad as long in the middle, broadly emarginate in the middle anteriorly, the lateral margin moderately rounded ; the anterior and posterior angles rounded ; punctation fine, close and impressed, a little more so than that on the head ; pubescence small, fairly close, subdepressed. Scutellum triangular, with the base slightly shorter than the sides ; punctation very fine and rather shallow. Elytra distinctly convex, with the anterior angles broadly rounded and the humeral callus visible, the lateral margins narrowly bordered in the basal two-thirds of their length, gradually broadened and rather flat in the apical one-third, the apical angle pointed, rather acute, and slightly upcurved ; punctation double as in the genus, smaller punctures very fine and fairly close and the larger punctures sparse, relatively coarse and shallow ; pubescence as on the pronotum. Female with the last visible abdominal FIG. 2. Epilachna sikkimica, sp. n. A, outline showing the pattern. B, female genital plates, c, emargination of genital plates (much enlarged, o-i mm. scale). D, stylus of the genital plate (much enlarged, same scale as c). EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 9 sternite longitudinally split in the middle, the female genital plates (ix sternite) subquadrate in the basal half and subrounded externally in the distal half (Text-fig. 2, B), straight along the inner margin, with a shallow subquadrate notch near the proximal inner angle, and a small knob-like stylus in the middle of the distal margin ; when magnified, the outline of the notch appears as in Text-fig. 2C and that of the stylus as in Text-fig. 2D. <. Unknown. Length 7-3 mm.; breadth 6-0 mm. Holotype. $, SIKKIM, Dikchu, 2,500 ft., 23.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingstori), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Genitalia mounted between two coverslips and attached to specimen.) This species resembles E. indica and dodecastigma in general shape, except that it is less orbicular than either of these and has an expanded and rather flattened external margin in the distal one-third of the elytra ; besides, the shoulder-callus in sikkimica is quite distinct and the apical angles of the elytra are acute, whereas in the two above-mentioned species these angles are rounded. The outlines of the female genital plates in the three species are distinct ; in indica the inner margin near the base is broadly emarginate but the notch as such is absent ; in dodecastigma, on the other hand, the notch is well-developed and almost circular in each plate ; in sikkimica the notch is subquadrate, as already described. Afissa bengalica Dieke (Text-fig. iD) Afissa bengalica Dieke, 1947 : 130-131, figs. 85, 154 [Type loc., Kurseong, India]. Material, i $, SIKKIM, Gantok, 4,000 ft., 6^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingstori). Although described by Dieke from a single <$ specimen, there is a number of examples of this species in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta (henceforward referred to as "Z.S.I. Collection "), which indicate that it is fairly variable in coloration. The colour-pattern of the example in the collection under report is shown in Text-fig, i, D. The black, median longitudinal, pronotal spot, extending from the anterior margin to the scutellum, the black scutellum, and the deep and prominent elytral punctures are fairly reliable but the final identification is best done with the help of the male genitalia as described by Dieke (1947 : 131). Afissa congener (Gorham), comb. nov. Epilachna congener Gorham, 1894 : 693 [Type loc., Burma]. Epilachna (Solanophila) congener Gorham ; Korschefsky, 1931 : 28. Material, i $, SIKKIM, Pedong, 4,000 ft., 27.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingstori). This species is characterised by the rather orbicular body, a roundish median pronotal spot, ferrugineous scutellum and less coarse elytral punctures. In the Z.S.I, collection it is represented from several parts of north-eastern India, in one case by a long series from Darjeeling district, West Bengal. The tarsal claws in this species being without the basal tooth and the last visible abdominal sternite in the female being entire, it should be placed in the genus Afissa Dieke, 1947. ENTOM. 14, 1. 2 io A. P. KAPUR Afissa gibber a (Crotch), comb. nov. (Text-fig. iC) Epilachna gibber a Crotch, 1874 : 80 [Type loc., India]. Epilachna (Solanophila) gibber a Crotch ; Korschefsky, 1931 : 29. Material, i $, SIKKIM, Lachen, 8,000 ft., 25. iv. 1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). This species is remarkable for its colour-pattern (Text-fig, i, C) and convexity and is apparently rare in the collections. The colour-pattern is fairly constant but both the pronotal and elytral spots may be testaceous instead of reddish- testaceous as in the type in Crotch's collection. Like the preceding species, it also belongs to the genus Afissa Dieke. Afissa hingstoni sp. n. (Text-fig. iB) $. Body shortly oval (Text-fig, i, B) and convex. Head reddish-testaceous, excepting the rather dark brown apices of mandibles and greyish eyes. Pronotum reddish-testaceous excepting the median one-third which is black from the base to the apex. Scutellum black. Elytra reddish-testaceous except the three black bands which are roughly basal, median and subapical in position. The basal band extends from shoulder to shoulder except for the two reddish-testaceous sub-triangular spots situated on either side of the scutellum and extending to about the middle of the base of the elytron ; the median one-fourth portion of this band extends as far as one-fourth the length of the suture. The median band extends from one lateral margin of the elytra to the other, is slightly broader than the basal band, and is wavy, being more deeply curved in the median one-fourth of its width. The subapical band is in- complete in the middle, i.e., though it commences from the external margin, it stops short at a little distance before the sutural margin on each elytron. Underside with the prothoracic and elytral epipleura testaceous, the legs reddish-testaceous, and the thoracic and abdominal sternites piceous to black. Head with rather fine, impressed and sparse punctures and yellowish pubescence ; antennae slightly longer than the width of the head and with the distal three segments forming a serrate club ; eyes moderately granulated. Pronotum a little arched and slightly more than twice as broad as long ; widely emarginate anteriorly and moderately rounded anterolaterally ; with the anterior and posterior angles rounded ; the punctation rather fine and impressed like that of the head but less sparse ; pubescence directed anterolaterally. Scutellum moderate in size, like an equilateral triangle in outline, and with a few very fine and shallow punctures, and short pubescence. Elytra with moderately visible humeral calli, shoulder angles rounded and with very narrowly curved external margin, commencing from near the middle of the base of elytron and ending near the apices which are rounded ; punctation of the mixed type, there being fine, moderately impressed, and close punctures interspersed with coarse, impressed and sparse punctures ; pubescence short, sub-depressed, yellowish on the reddish-testaceous areas, and greyish on the black bands. Underside with the epipleura moderately narrow and without any sign of foveae for the reception of the femorotibial joints : prosternum with fine, sparse and impressed punctures, the mesosternum with coarse and close punctures, the metasternum with rather coarse and transversely directed punctures in places : the abdominal lines almost semicircular and extending to about two-thirds the length of the first abdominal segment. Legs with the tibiae rather narrow, the claws bifid, the inner denticle being slightly shorter than the outer one. Female with the last visible abdominal sternite entire, the genital plates (ix sternite) elongate and triangular in outline, with a pencil of setae on the small papilla at the apex of each. cJ. Unknown. Length 4-7 mm. ; breadth 3-7 mm. EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE ii B FIG. 3. Afissula sanscrita (Crotch). A and B, outlines showing variation in pronotal and elytral patterns, c, part of the first abdominal sternite showing the abdominal line. D, lateral view of the male genitalia except the sipho. E, apex of sipho. F, bifid claw with the basal tooth. G, female genital plates (ix sternite). (I) scale for figs. A and B ; (II) for figs, c, D, E ; (III) for fig. F ; (IV) for fig. G. 12 A. P. KAPUR Holotype. $, TIBET, Rongshar Valley, 10,000 ft., 26.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. Paratype. $, INDIA, Snooranga, West Almora Division (Kumaon Hills, U.P.) 8,000-12,000 ft., June 1919 (H. G. Champion), in Z.S.I. Collection, Calcutta. Paratype from Snooranga, in the Kumaon Hills agrees in all respects with the holotype except for the small differences in the outline of black bands. The species comes close to Afissa nepalensis Kapur, 1958, in general appearance but can be easily distinguished from the latter by differences in the colour-pattern of the pronotum and the elytra. The pronotum in A. nepalensis has the median black marking much narrower and has in addition two black spots situated on either side of it. The black bands on the elytra are joined sublaterally and partly along the suture in A. nepalensis but are quite independent of each other in A. hingstoni. The pubescence is greyish on the black areas in the latter and black in the former. The elytral punctation is also relatively coarse in the latter. Afissula Sanscrit a (Crotch), comb. nov. (Text-figs. sA-G) Epilachna sanscrita Crotch, 1874 : 82. Solanophila sanscrita (Crotch) Mader, 1927 : 45. Epilachna (Solanophila) sanscrita Crotch ; Korschefsky, 1931 : 24. Material, i $, SIKKIM, Singhik, 3,500 ft., 23.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). i $, TIBET, Rongshar Valley, 10,000 ft., 26. vi. 1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). Our material compares well with the type in Crotch's collection. There are more examples of the species in the B.M. and Z.S.I, collections which show that while the arrangement of spots is constant, there is considerable variation in their size. The colour-pattern of the two examples under report is shown in Text-fig. 3, A and B. The tarsal claw with a basal tooth (F), the bulbous median lobe (ml) of the male genitalia (D), and the elongate, filiform female genital plates (G) are some of the characters of the species which show that it belongs to the genus Afissula Kapur, 1958. AJidentula himalayana sp. n. (Text-figs. 4 A-B, 5A-J) I 6- V - I 959 (all A. G. K. Menon). The characteristic structure of the mouth-parts, the presence of a quadrate basal tooth on the bifid tarsal claws and the structure of the male and female genitalia in the species, are characteristic of the genus Afidentula Kapur, 1958. A . himalayana is distinguishable from Afidentula manderstjernae (Mulsant) (3-4 mm. long) and Afidentula minima (Gorham) (3-0 mm.), the other two species of the genus, by its slightly larger size, and the different colour-pattern, although the post-median sutural spot appears to be a common feature of the three species. In A . manderst- jernae, the pronotal spot is generally absent or more diffused, while the two subapical elytral spots are usually united into one subquadrate spot, in contrast to the two usually separate spots in A. himalayana. In A. minima, on the other hand, the pronotal spot is absent and the external elytral margin bordered with black. All 16 A. P. KAPUR three species are further distinguishable by the structure of the male genitalia which is different for each species. Afidentula himalayana var. championi var. n. (Text-figs. 4-C-F) There are 33 examples, all from the Kumaon Hills, Uttar Pradesh, apparently collected on two different occasions by Mr. H. G. Champion, in which the black elytral spots are enlarged and confluent in various manners. Some of the elytral patterns are illustrated in Text-fig. 4, C-F. Generally, spots i and 2 join to form a broad basal band ; spots 3, 4 and 5 also join to form a transverse median band ; spots 6 and 7 are also enlarged and confluent so as to form a transverse sub-apical band (Text-fig. 4, C) ; sometimes the median and sub-apical bands are connected at various points so as to leave only a few, irregularly demarcated, testaceous areas in between the two bands (D), likewise the basal and the median band may also join one another in places (E) ; in some rare instances all the three bands are connected so as to leave only a few, irregular, testaceous spots near the sub-basal and sub-apical areas. The pronotal spot, on the other hand, increases or decreases slightly, inde- pendently of the increased pigmentation of elytra, as is evident from the outline of patterns given in Text-fig. 4, C-F. All these examples are being named as variety championi for convenience of reference. It may, however, be noted that all the typical examples of the species detailed above come from the eastern Himalaya, while all the examples of the variety championi before me are from the Kumaon Hills, i.e., more from the western Himalaya. The material under study would strongly suggest that the variety championi may deserve the rank of a subspecies. However, as very little collecting has been done in the intervening parts of the Himalaya, it is probable that both the typical form as well as the variety mentioned above, may in reality be more widely distributed. Material. Total 33 examples as follows : 12 examples, INDIA, West Almora, Kumaon Hills, U.P. (H. G. Champion) (no further data available), (8 exs. in B.M. (N.H.) and 4 in Z.S.I.) ; 21 examples, Pindar Valley, 8,000-11,000 ft., Kumaon Hills (H. G. Champion) (16 in B.M (N.H.) and 5 in Z.S.I.) ; , SIKKIM, Singhik, 3,500 ft., 23.iv.i954 (R. W. G. Kingston}. Mader (1933 : 93) transferred this species to the genus Palaeoneda Crotch but I do not believe that such a transfer is justified because a comparison of dodecaspilota and Palaeoneda miniata (Hope), the type species of Palaeoneda, do not show these to be congeneric ; dodecaspilota lacks most of the characters by which Palaeoneda is defined. Already known from Nepal and Burma, the occurrence of this species in Sikkim is not surprising. Ballia gustavi Mulsant Ballia gustavi Mulsant, 1853 : 165 [Type loc., N. India, Himalaya]. Ballia gustavi Mulsant ; Kapur, 1958 : 329. Material, i $, SIKKIM, Singhik, 3,500 ft., 23. iv. 1924 (R. W. G. Hingston}. As stated earlier (Kapur, 1958 : 329) this species is only provisionally recognised as distinct, and may in fact be a mere variety. The colour-pattern of our example agrees with the typical description of gustavi. Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant, 1850 : 421 [Type loc., Assam]. Coelophora luteopustulata (Mulsant) Crotch, 1874 : 156. Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 288. Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant ; Kapur, 1958 : 329-331, figs. 7, 10. Material. 2 ex., SIKKIM, Gantok, 5,000 ft., 19^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston) (i ex., var. pracuae Weise) ; Singhik, 3,500 ft., 23.iv.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston) (i ex., var. nigromaculata Mader). The species is widely distributed in the Himalaya, northern India, Burma and Tibet. It is very variable in colour-pattern. In life the beetles are red and black, the red subsequently fading into light brown in museum specimens. Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, 1850 : 425 [Type loc., Eastern India]. Material. 2 ex., INDIA, Kalimpong, 4,000 ft. (Darjeeling district), 27.10.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). This is another species of Oenopia which is quite common in the eastern Himalaya. It has also been recorded from Burma. Its colour-pattern is very characteristic and in life very beautiful, being lemon-yellow and black. EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 27 Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant, 1866 : 281 ; 1870 : 55 [Type loc., India]. Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant ; Kapur, 1958 : 331-333, fig. n. Material, i ex., SIKKIM, Singhik, 4,000 ft., 23.^.1924 (R. W. G. Kingston) ; i ex., SIKKIM, Gantok, 5,000 ft., 26.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston). Oenopia quadripunctata sp. n. (Text-figs. loA-E) c, 9- Body shortly oval, moderately convex. Head black excepting the grey eyes and the brown canthus, antennae, anterior margin of labrum, the mandibles, maxillae and greater part of labium and its palpi. Pronotum (Text-fig. 10, A) black except a quadrangular flavous area on either side extending from the anterior margin to almost the base. Scutellum black. Elytron black excepting an obliquely oval, sub-basal and premedian flavous spot, another roundish and postmedian flavous spot and the flavous lateral margin composed as if of two semicircular spots butting on a narrower lateral border as shown in Text-fig. 10, A. Underside black except for the brown prothoracic and elytral epipleura, dark brown trochanters and the brown apices of the femora, the tibiae, tarsi and abdominal sternites. Head with fine, shallowly impressed and fairly close punctures on a rather matt surface ; antennae rather short, extending at the most to as far as the foveae in the prothoracic epipleura. Pronotum moderately deeply emarginate in front, anterior angles widely rounded, posterior angles also rounded, punctation similar to that on the head. Scutellum triangular, base slightly wider than the sides, narrowly margined near the apex. Elytra with the lateral margins moderately expanded from near the shoulder angle to nearly as far as the apex ; the humeral callus indistinct, punctation impressed, only slightly coarser and sparser than that on the pronotum, spaces between the punctures shining. Underside with the prosternum and mesosternum coarsely and impressedly punctate, the former with two sub-parallel carinae reaching the anterior margin ; metasternum with fine and sparse punctation in the middle ; abdominal lines incomplete, terminal. Male genitalia with broad basal piece and oblong median lobe which is deeply and broadly emarginate apically (Text-fig. 10, D), parameres also broad and rounded at the apex, with long marginal setae ; the sipho widely curved and tapering towards the apex (Text-fig. 10, E). Female genitalia with the genital plates (ix sternite) triangular, elongate (Text-fig. 10, B), each with a well-formed papilla bearing a few setae ; spermatheca sausage-like, with an elongate ramus and nodulus as shown in Text-fig. 10, C. Length <$ 3-0 mm., $3-5 mm.; breadth <$ 2-5 mm., $ 2-9 mm. Holotype. i <$, INDIA, Shillong (Assam), n.iii.i96o, on orange tree (S. N. Prasad) ; in the Z.S.I, collection, Calcutta (Reg. No. 14695/114). (Male genitalia mounted between coverslips and on the same pin as the specimen.) Allotype. i $, INDIA, Kalimpong, 4,000 ft., 27.iii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston) in the British Museum (N.H.), London. Paratypes. i $, with the same data as the holotype ; i ex., INDIA, Shillong, Kench's Trace (Assam), 14.1^.1960 (T. G. Vazirani) ; i ex., Shillong, Kench's Trace, 15.^.1960 (S. N. Prasad). i $, SIKKIM, Lachung, 2,727 m., 6.vii.i959 (A. G. K. Menon). i ex., BURMA, Dingliang, 2,450 ft. (ca. 747 m.), Mishmi Hills, I2.iii.i935 (M. Steele) ; i ex., Mondon, Mishmi Hills (M. Steele) ; i paratype in B.M. (N.H.), the rest in Z.S.I, collection. This species has a very pretty colour-pattern which is distinct from other known species of the genus. It is nearly as shortly oval as Oenopia luteopustulata Mulsant, but less convex. The female genitalia in the two are very distinct, the spermatheca 28 A. P. KAPUR FIG. 10. Oenopia quadripunctata, sp. n. A, outline showing the pattern. B, genital plate of the female, c, spermatheca of the same. D, male genitalia except the sipho. E, the sipho. EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 29 in the latter being greatly curved and the genital plates being not quite as elongate (vide Kapur, 1958, Text-fig. 10, c, d). The spermatheca of quadripunctata is like that of Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant, though the infundibulum and ramus are different in outlines ; the genital plates (ix sternite) are also distinct in the two species. The elytral margin in 0. quadripunctata is more expanded than that of 0. sauzeti. The elytral patterns in the two species are also distinct. Coelophora sexareata Mulsant Coelophora sexareata Mulsant, 1853 : 181 [Type loc., N. India]. Coelophora sexareata Mulsant ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 296. Material, i $, i $, INDIA, Kalimpong, 4,000 ft., 27.iii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston) ; i , SIKKIM, Gantok, 5,000 ft., 26.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston). This species is widely distributed in northern India and neighbouring countries having been previously recorded from northern Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Sikkim, Nepal, Burma and West Yunnan. More recently (1958) I have collected it from Simla Hills (ca. 8,000 ft.). In life the colour of the elytral areoles is carmine red rather than ochreous which is the colour seen in museum collections. The sexes are easily distinguished by the frons of head being flavous in the male and black or piceous in the female. Coelophora nitidicollis sp. n. (Text-figs. nA-C) (J. Body subhemispherical (Text-fig, n, A). Head flavous in front, eyes piceous, the an- tennae, except the club which is darker, and mouth-parts brown. Pronotum mostly shining black with a green lustre, except along the anterior and lateral margins which are translucent ; anterior margin of the black part of pronotum with two deep and oblique notches near each anterior angle. Scutellum black. Elytra testaceous except for a common sutural black stripe and an ill-defined, rather piceous, submarginal vitta running close to lateral margin ; the vittae tapering at either end. The underside testaceous except for the flavous epimera, the black meso- and metasterna and the testaceous legs. Head with coarse, rather impressed and sparse punctures over a matt surface, the antennae extending beyond the middle of the thoracic epipleura, apex of the club obliquely truncate. Pronotum with anterior margin fairly deeply emarginate, anterior and posterior angles rounded, the lateral margins moderately so, punctures a little finer than those on the head, impressed and fairly close, the spaces between punctures smooth. Scutellum triangular, with the base, slightly wider than the sides, with very few, fine and shallow punctures. Elytra with the lateral margins expanded from the shoulder angles till almost the apex, the humeral callus rather ill-defined, the punctures on the discal area similar to, though less impressed than those on the pronotum, coarser and impressed near the sutural and the expanded lateral margins, the spaces between punctures not as smooth as in the case of the pronotum. Underside with the prosternal carinae moderately defined, convergent, meeting below the middle of the sternum ; mesosternum coarsely punctate, metasternum with similar punctation except in the median part where the punctures are fine and sparse ; the abdominal lines incomplete, subterminal, the last visible abdominal sternite in the male with a small median notch at the apex. Male genitalia (Text-fig, n, B, C) with the basal piece broadly cup-shaped, the parameres elongate, a little bent at one-third of the length, slightly broader distally, a little shorter than the median lobe which is gradually narrowed distally to a pointed and a little up-curved apex ; the sipho long, broadly curved proximately, almost straight towards the apex. ?. Unknown. Length 4-25 mm. ; breadth 3-7 mm. 30 A. P. KAPUR Holotype. <^, SIKKIM, Tsuntang, 7,000 ft., 25.^.1924 (R. W. G. Kingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. This species is easily distinguishable from the other known species of the genus by the shining black, with a tinge of green, coloration of the pronotum, the colour- pattern of the elytra, and by the coarser punctation on the head. However, it resembles in several respects the Nepalese species, Coelophora cincta (Hope), which has a black pronotum with the anterior margin and the anterior two-thirds of the lateral margins bright testaceous ; furthermore its elytra are testaceous with a black border along the lateral margins but without any black, common or sutural stripe. FIG. n. Coelophora nitidicollis, sp. n. A, outline showing the pattern. B, male genitalia without the sipho. c, apex of the sipho. (3 mm. scale for fig. A ; 0-5 mm. scale for figs. B, c.) Tribe Hippodamiini Hippodamia heydeni (Weise) (Text-figs. I2A-G) Semiadalia heydeni Weise, 1892 : 109 [Type loc., Margelan]. Hippodamia heydeni (Weise) Dobzhansky, 1927 : 216. Hippodamia heydeni (Weise) ; Mader, 1928 : 57, pi. 9, figs. 1-4. Hippodamia heydeni (Weise) ; Kapur, 1957 : 269-270, fig i. Material. 2 ex., TIBET, Tashidzom, 14,500 ft., 9^.1924 (R. W. G. Kingston), 4 ex., TIBET, Shekkar, 14,500 ft., 9^.1924 (R. W. G. Kingston). EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE This species, occurring at high altitudes in Tibet, shows great variation in colour- pattern (vide Mader, 1928 ; Kapur, 1957). The patterns of five out of the six examples mentioned above are sketched in Text-fig. 12, A-E, and show how great is the extent of variation in this species. Male genitalia, which offer the most reliable character for identification, are shown in Text-fig. 12, F, G. B FIG. 12. Hippodamia heydeni (Weise). A-E, outlines showing five different patterns. F, male genitalia without the sipho. G, the sipho. (3 mm. scale for figs. A-E ; 0-5 mm. scale for figs. F, G.) Adonia variegata (Goeze) Coccinella variegata Goeze, 1777 : 246 [Type loc., Europe]. Adonia variegata (Goeze) Mulsant, 1846 : 39. Adonia variegata (Goeze) ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 346-359. Adonia variegata (Goeze) ; Kapur, 1957 : 269-273, fig. 2. 32 A. P. KAPUR Material. 40 ex., TIBET, Tuna (Tibetan plateau), 14,500 ft., n.iv.i924 ; Kampa Dozong, 14,500 ft., 29. iv. 1924 ; Tinki Dozong, 14,000 ft., i.v.i924 ; Shiling, 14,000 ft., 5^.1924 ; Shekkar, 14,500 ft., 9^.1924, and 9^.1924 ; Tashidozom, 14,500 ft., 29^.1924 ; Tingri, 15,000 ft., 6. 11.1924 ; Chibbing, 14,500 ft., I3.vii.i924 (all R. W. G. Kingston). The examples mentioned above come from high altitudes ranging between 14,000 ft. and 15,000 ft. As stated earlier (Kapur, 1957), the variation in the elytral patterns of these examples is remarkable, some 28 varieties being easily distinguish- able in a collection of 40 specimens. The pronotum, though not quite so variable in its colour-pattern, is nevertheless generally dark, like the elytra, in the majority of examples. All the above-mentioned examples from Tibet are smaller in size (length 3-2- 4-2 mm., breadth 2-0-2-5 mm.) than those from the lower altitudes in India, and from Europe or Africa. Both in respect of the colour-pattern and size these examples are different from the subspecies doubledayi Mulsant (length 4-6-5-2 mm., breadth 2-8-3-0 mm.), so commonly found in the lower altitudes in the Himalaya. Tribe Coccinellini Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) Coccinella tetraspilota Hope, in Gray, 1831 : 31 [Type loc., Nepal]. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) Crotch, 1874 : 101. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 434. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) ; Mader, 1929 : 114, pi. 23, fig. 7. Material, i , SIKKIM, Rongli Chu, 3,000 ft., 29.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). Though first described from Nepal the species has since been recorded from Bokhara, West Turkestan (vide Korschefsky, 1932 : 434), Afghanistan, etc. I have collected it from Baluchistan (West Pakistan) and Kashmir (India). The above example possesses two very small additional black spots on each elytron ; one of these is situated midway between the elytral base and the discal spot while the other is at the external margin and almost level with the sutural and discal spots. The male genitalia of this example are identical with that of the example with the typical elytral pattern. Several varieties with additional or reduced number of elytral spots have been named in literature (vide, Mader, 1929 : 114). Lioadalia luteopicta (Mulsant) Adalia luteopicta Mulsant, 1866 : 45 [Type loc., E. Indies]. Lioadalia luteopicta (Mulsant) Crotch, 1874 : 104. Lioadalia luteopicta (Mulsant) ; Mader, 1930 : 134, pi. 28, fig. 29. Adalia luteopicta Mulsant ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 433. Adalia luteopicta Mulsant ; Kapur, 1958 : 326-327, fig. 6, e, f. Material. 6 ex., TIBET, Tangu, 11,500 ft., 26.^.1924 ; Tasam, Rongshar Valley, 12,000 ft., 2O.vi.i924 ; Rongshar Valley, 13,000 ft., i.vii.i924 ; Chambi Valley, 11,000 ft., 22.vii.i924 ; Yatung, 11,000 ft., 25.vii.i924 (2 ex.) (all R. W. G. Hingston), EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 33 Korschefsky (1932 : 433) gave its distribution as North and East India and China. I have recorded it from Nepal, Sikkim and Dehra Dun (Kapur, 1958 : 326-7) and have seen examples from several other parts of north India. The generic name Lioadalia was proposed by Crotch to include the above and three other species ; two of the latter were from Africa and one from South America. He distinguished Lioadalia from Adalia " by the extremely fine, obsolete puncta- tion ". Mader (1930 : 134) has further denned the genus and after seeing long series of the species, I support both Crotch and Mader in regarding it as distinct from other species of Adalia Mulsant. It is not certain how far our species is congeneric with L. flavomaculata (de Geer) the type species of the genus from S. Africa, but until further studies, it seems desirable to include the material under report in the genus Lioadalia Crotch. Synharmonia billieti (Mulsant) Harmonia billieti Mulsant, 1853 : 144 [Type loc., North-East India]. Synharmonia billieti (Mulsant) Mader, 1931 : 191, pi. 40, figs, i, 2. Coccinella billieti (Mulsant) Korschefsky, 1932 : 447. Coccinella (Synharmonia) billieti (Mulsant) ; Kapur, 1958 : 327, text-fig. 9, a-j. Material, i $, TIBET, Rongshar Valley, 9,500 ft., 25.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston}. The above-mentioned example belongs to the variety testacea (Kapur, 1958 : 327) but differs slightly from the typical pattern of the variety in that lateral parts of the pronotum are entirely light testaceous. The species is very variable in colora- tion and is widely distributed in the Himalaya. It seems advisable to regard Synharmonia Ganglbauer, 1899, as a distinct genus and to treat billieti as one of its species on the basis of its external body and genitalic characters. Synharmonia signatella (Mulsant) Harmonia signatella Mulsant, 1866 : 58 [Type loc., N. India]. Coccinella signatella' (Mulsant) Crotch, 1874 : no. Synharmonia signatella (Mulsant) Mader, 1931 : 199, pi. 42, fig. 4. Coccinella (Synharmonia) signatella (Mulsant) ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 494 [Himalaya]. Material, i <, INDIA, Darjeeling, 7,000 ft., 1-14.^.1924 (Miss Wether all], i $, SIKKIM, Tangu, 11,000 ft., 26.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). Recorded earlier from the " Himalaya ", the exact locality being unknown. It is a beautiful species with seven black spots on the pronotum, an entirely black scutellum and spotless elytra. Two further examples from Darjeeling and one from Manipur are present in the Z.S.I, collection, and one example from Mishmi Hills, Burma, present in the B.M. (N.H.) collection that is on loan for study with me. Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow Coccinella undecimpunctata magnopunctata Rybakow, 1889 : 289 [Type loc., Central Asia]. Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow ; Dobzhansky, 1926 : 22, fig. 3 ( $ genitalia). Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow ; Korschefsky, 1932 : 469. Material, i ex., TIBET, Tibetan plateau, 14,000 ft., .^.1924 ; 4 exs., Shekkar, 14,500 ft., 8.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston coll.). 34 A. P. KAPUR This species resembles the eleven-spotted lady-beetle, but is easily recognisable by the shape of the flavous area near the anterior angles of pronotum and by the large elytral spots. The male genitalia agree with those illustrated by Dobzhansky (1926 : 22). The species is already recorded from Tibet as well as Kashmir (vide, Korschefsky, 1932 : 469). Coccinella tibetina sp. n. (Text-figs. I3A-D) <3, $. B6dy subovate, moderately convex (Text-fig. 13, A), more or less like Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow in outline. Head black, except for the greyish eyes and a pair of pale-testaceous, oval to roundish spots on the frons, each spot being near the inner margin of the eye ; pronotum black with a pale-testaceous, subquadrate spot at each anterior angle, the spot widely emarginate posteriorly ; scutellum black, elytra testaceous, each with four black spots as follows : the scutellar spot about i mm. long, 0-7 mm. wide, nearly semicircular, with the base lying along the suture, forming a complete, subrounded spot with its opposite number on the other elytron ; the subhumeral spot situated just below the humeral callus and close to, though not touching, the lateral margin, almost circular in outline, the diameter being nearly 0-6 mm.; the discal spot transverse, 0-6-0-7 mm. long, 1-1-2 mm. broad, situated below the level of the apex of the postscutellar spot, and nearer the sutural than the lateral margin ; the subapical spot also transverse, much larger, 0-7 mm. long and 1-5 mm. broad, appearing as if it were composed of two confluent spots. Underside black except for a small, pale brown part of the pronotal epipleura and the testaceous elytral epipleura. Head with moderately fine, close and rather shallowly impressed punctation and a few greyish hairs on the clypeus. Pronotum with the punctation very fine, impressed and closer than is the case on the head ; anterior angles and lateral margins impressed. Scutellum small with eight to ten fine and impressed punctures. Elytra slightly longer than the breadth of the two together, broadest behind the middle, moderately convex, the anterior angles broadly and the lateral margins moderately rounded, both narrowly bordered except near the apices of the latter, punctation fine, impressed and nearly as close as that on the pronotum. Underside with the prosternal carinae short and weak ; the outer fork of the abdominal line also weak or missing. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 13, B) with the basal piece subquadrate, nearly as long as broad, rounded anterolaterally, broadly emarginate in the middle ; median lobe nearly twice as long as the basal piece, gradually narrowed and for the most part conical, with a rounded apex ; parameres nearly two-thirds the length of the median lobe, uniformly narrow and straight at the sides with rounded apex, and a number of moderately long setae in the apical half ; sipho (Text-fig. 13, C) with the siphonal capsule much developed, bent almost double in the proximal half of its length, expanded twice (proximally more widely so than subapically), before the pointed apex. Female genitalia characterized by the cornu (c) of the spermatheca (Text-fig. 13, D) being uniformally narrow and straight except for a slight bend at the distal one-fourth of its length, the ramus (r) short, a little narrower than cornu, the nodulus (n) also short and narrow, infundibulum (i) much narrower for the proximal two- thirds of its length, accessory plate absent. Length 5-4-5-8 mm. ; breadth 4-2-4-4 mm. Holotype. <$, TIBET, Phari, 14,000 ft., 2i.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Kingston} ; in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Genitalia mounted between two coverslips and attached to the same pin as the specimen.) Allotype. $, TIBET, Zayul, Chutong (S.E. Tibet), 13,000 ft., 22. vi. 1933 (Kingdon Ward and R. J. H. Kaulback), in the British Museum (N.H.). (Genitalia mounted as above.) EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 35 Paratypes. 3 ex. : i $ with the same data as the allotype in the Z.S.I, collection, Calcutta ; 2 <, from TIBET, Zayul, Atakang, 13,000 ft., 9.vi.i933 and i.vii.i933 (Kingdon Ward and R.J. H. Kaulback), one each in B.M. (N.H.) and Z.S.I, collection. ,c FIG. 13. Coccinella tibetina, sp. n. A, outline showing the pattern. B, male genitalia without the sipho. c, the sipho. D, spermatheca. In the five examples before me the colour-pattern is strikingly alike. The species comes close to Coccinella nivicola Me"netries (from Eastern Siberia) in general shape and structure but is easily distinguishable from it by the presence of an antero- lateral or sub-humeral spot situated below the humeral callus, and by the relatively large size of the scutellar and the subapical spots ; the mesepimera and metepimera are black in all the five examples. The male genitalia resemble, on the whole, those of C. nivicola but are distinguishable by the slightly narrower outline of the median lobe. The female genitalia are relatively more distinctive in the two species, the cornu of the spermatheca in C. tibetina is neither distinctly narrowed towards the apex nor deeply curved in the middle, as is the case in C. nivicola. Coccinella lama sp. n. (Text-figs. I4A-D) cj, ?. Body subovate (Text-fig. 14, A), moderately convex, in shape rather like Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow, though slightly narrower anteriorly and smaller in size. Head black, with a white spot on each side near the inner margin of the eye ; pronotum black, with a white, sub-quadrate mark at each anterior angle, the mark widely emarginate posteriorly ; scutellum black ; elytra testaceous, each with four 1 spots (, i, i, i) as follows : a moderately i These would correspond to spots No. 2, 3 and 4 of Dobzhansky (1931, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 80 (4), p. 27, f. 30), the spots i and 5 of the hypothetical basic pattern of the genus being absent in this species. A. P. KAPUR large, pear-shaped scutellar spot (^) ; a small, roundish, black spot, situated at about one-third the length of the elytron and nearer the lateral than the sutural margin and not touching the former ; a discal spot, larger than the preceding spot, usually roundish, situated on the disc of the elytron, at about the same distance from the suture as its own width ; the last, or the subapical marginal spot, usually transverse oval and slightly larger than the discal spot, situated at about two-thirds the length of the elytron and close to the external margin but not touching the same. A whitish, semicircular to subtriangular mark also present at the base of the elytron close to the scutellum. Underside black except for the narrow and generally small, whitish area at the anterior angles of the prothoracic epipleura, the testaceous elytral epipleura, the white mesepimera and metepimera, and in the male a whitish spot on the anterior coxae. Head with rather fine, close and impressed punctures. Pronotum with similar or a little finer punctation, with the lateral margins impressed. Scutellum small, with six to eight small and shallow punctures. Elytra moderately convex, the shoulder angle broadly rounded anteriorly, the lateral margin narrowly bordered from the shoulder angle to nearly three fourths the length of the elytron, punctation fine, impressed and nearly as close as that on the pronotum. Under- side with the prosternal carinae subparallel and hardly reaching beyond the level of the anterior coxae, the abdominal line on the first abdominal segment crossed by an oblique line. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 14, B) with the median lobe broadly pear-shaped in the basal half, drawn out into a narrow elongate process in the distal half, parameres shorter than the median lobe, nearly uniformly wide, rounded at the apex, with a number of short to moderately long hairs along the margin in the distal half ; sipho arched proximally, siphonal capsule well developed, lying almost parallel to the remainder of the sipho which is nearly straight and narrowed distally, with the lateral margins a little below the apex narrowly expanded (Text-fig. 14, C). Female genitalia (Text-fig. 14, D) with the spermatheca having the cornu narrowed towards the apex, with a short ramus (r] and with the infundibulum (i) dilated a little at both ends, accessory plate present. Length 4'4-45 mm.; width 3-I-3-2 mm. B, male genitalia A B C FIG. 14. Coccinella lama, sp. n. A, outline showing the pattern, without the sipho. c, the sipho. D, spermatheca. Holotype. $, TIBET, Shekkar, 14,500 ft., 8.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Kingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Genitalia mounted between two coverslips and attached to the same pin as the specimen.) EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 37 Allotype. ?, with the same data as the holotype, in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Genitalia also mounted between two cover-slips as above.) Paratypes. 9 <, $, with the same data as the holotype ; i ex., TIBET, Tingri, 15,000 ft., 6.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Kingston), i ex., TIBET, Kyishong, 14,500 ft., io.vii.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston). (4 paratypes from Shekkar in the Z.S.I, collection, Calcutta, and the rest in the B.M.) Coccinella lama can easily be distinguished from Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow by the colour-pattern of the pronotum and the reduced number of elytral black spots, there being eleven such spots on the elytra in the latter and seven in the former ; besides, the size of the spots in C. magnopunctata is large, and the genitalia ( <$, $) very distinctive for the species. C. lama is easily distinguishable by its smaller size from most examples of Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus which it resembles in general coloration. The latter is a very variable species both in respect of its size and pattern : some of its smaller examples may therefore superficially resemble C. lama. The latter may, however, be recognized by the larger, pear-shaped scutellar spot, the white metepimera (which in C. septempunctata are usually brown and rarely white) and the white mark on the first coxae in the male. The male genitalia in the two species are very distinct ; the basal piece and the median lobe are subconical in C. septempunctata, while the basal piece is broad and the median lobe very much narrowed and finger-like in the distal half in C. lama. In respect of the female genitalia, C. lama is easily distinguishable by the shorter ramus and nodulus of spermatheca. The species is a denizen of high altitudes and apparently belongs to the C. septempunctata group of species in the genus. Coccinella nigrovittata sp. n. (Text-figs. I5A-F) o*. $. Body oval, maximum width just behind the middle of the body length, moderately convex (Text-fig. 15, A). Head black except for the two pale testaceous or whitish, ill-defined, spots on the frons (one each near the inner margin of the eye), the whitish subcanthus, and the brown to piceous antennae and mouth-parts. Pronotum black, except the pale testaceous narrow border along the anterior margin, the slightly wider triangular area at anterior angles and a narrow border along the lateral margin. Scutellum black. Elytra testaceous, each with a black, shortly elongate spot on the suture immediately behind the scutellum and extend- ing to about one-sixth the length of the elytron ; one long, black stripe or vitta present, commencing from the humeral callus and extending, slightly obliquely, to the five-sixths the length of elytron and being usually as wide as one-fourth to one-third the width of elytron. Underside black except the whitish anterior half of the prothoracic epipleura and the mesepimera and the testaceous elytral epipleura. Head with the frons having fairly impressed, fine, rather sparse punctures and a few short dark hairs ; antennae a little shorter than the width of the head, with a rather well-defined club composed of the three terminal segments. Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, moderately emarginate at the anterior margin, the anterior angles rather acute and the posterior obtuse ; the lateral margins moderately rounded ; punctation impressed, coarser and closer than that on the head. Scutellum triangular, having a few very fine punctures. Elytra oblong (7 : 9), moderately convex, with humeral calli indistinct, the shoulder-angles wide, the lateral margin, moderately curved, especially in the basal half of their length ; punctation similar to or slightly coarser than that on the pronotum but sparser and rather less impressed. 3 A. P. KAPUR D B FIG. 15. Coccinella nigrovittata, sp. n. A, outline showing the pattern. B, male genitalia except the sipho. c, the sipho. D, tarsi and a tarsal claw. E, spermatheca. F, a genital plate of the female. (2 mm. scale for fig. A ; 0-5 mm. scale for figs. B-D, F ; 0-2 mm. scale for fig. E.) 39 Underside with the prosternal carinae sub-parallel and extending as far as the middle of the length of prosternum and hardly beyond the level of the front coxal cavities ; the mesosternum straight at the base ; abdominal lines incomplete, cut across obliquely by a line as in most other species of Coccinella ; the last abdominal sternite in the male widely emarginate at the apex, rounded in the female. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 15, B) with the median lobe only slightly narrower than the basal piece in the proximal half and suddenly narrowed in the distal half to an almost acute point at the apex ; parameres a little shorter than the median lobe, blade-like and beset with a number of short setae in the distal half ; sipho (Text-fig. 15, C) with an en- larged siphonal capsule, almost curved at a right angle at a little distance before the siphonal capsule and gradually narrowed towards the apex. Female genitalia with the genital plate (ix sternite) pear-shaped with a distinct papilla in the middle (Text-fig. 15, F) ; spermatheca (Text-fig. 15, E) with the cornu (c) moderately bent in the middle, slightly narrowed distally, the ramus (r) well developed and wide, the nodulus (n) elongate, and the infundibulum (i) funnel-shaped, the accessory plate absent. Length 3-2 mm.; width 2-1 mm. Holotype. <, TIBET, Kampa Dzong, 14,500 ft., 29. iv. 1924 (R. W. G. Kingston) in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Genitalia and abdominal sternites mounted between two coverslips and on the same pin as the specimen.) Allotype. $ with the same data as the holotype, in the British Museum (N.H.). Damaged and with the left elytron missing. (Genitalia and abdominal sternites mounted between two coverslips and on the same pin as the specimen.) On account of the somewhat elongate shape of the body and the coloration of pronotum and elytra, this species appears to be an aberrant one in the genus. The antennae and mouth-parts, the prosternal carinae, shape of the mesosternum and of the abdominal lines, the structure of the legs and claws and the male and female genitalia are as in typical members of the genus. It may be compared in size and general shape with Synharmonia billieti (Mulsant) , which comes from various neighbouring parts in the Himalayas, but does not belong to the Synharmonia as the front of the median part of the mesosternum is not excised ; it also differs from other species of Synharmonia in the structure of the male and female genitalia. In respect of its female genital structure it comes relatively closer to Coccinella hieroglyphica Linn., the spermatheca and infundibulum being very much similar in general outline, the same is true of certain parts of the male genitalia such as the sipho, but the median lobe and the parameres are very distinct in the two species. Moreover, C. hieroglyphica is a larger species, being 3-7-4-3 mm. long, more rounded and convex, and has different coloration of the pronotum and elytra. Calvia sykesi (Crotch) Anisocalvia sykesi Crotch, 1874 : 146 [Type loc., " Dukhun (India Mus.) "]. Calvia (Anisocalvia) sykesi (Crotch) Korschefsky, 1932 : 529 [Distribution, " Dekkan "]. Material. 2 exs., INDIA, Darjeeling, 7,000 ft., 25-31.^.1924 (Miss Wetherall) ; i ex., same locality, 1-14^.1924 (Miss Wetherall). It has not been possible to locate in India the place " Dukhun " as mentioned by Crotch. Korschefsky changed it to " Dekkan " (meaning Deccan!) for reasons best known to him. It is apparently for the first time that the species is being recorded from a better known locality in India. In addition, I have also collected 4 o A. P. KAPUR this species from Shillong (Assam) from cabbage fields. It is worth recording here that the beetle is light green in colour when alive and that the colour gradually changes to light brown after death. As the subgenus Anisocalvia Crotch is rather ill-defined, it is better to place this species in the genus Calvia Mulsant. Calvin shiva sp. n. (Text-fig. i6A) o*. Body shortly oval, moderately convex (Text-fig. 16, A). Head straw-yellow except the testaceous median part of clypeus, antennae and the dark grey eyes. Pronotum for the most part black to piceous except for the broad, lateral, testaceous area on either side and the relatively narrower, testaceous to translucent border (extended in the middle towards the disc) along the anterior margin ; in the middle of each testaceous area is a straw-yellow, suboval spot. Scutellum black. Elytra black except for the moderately wide testaceous external border and the six roundish, straw-yellow spots on each elytron, and, rather commonly, with a testaceous, roundish spot near the apex, arranged as 2, 2, 2, . The basal spot near the scutellum rounded, large (0-6 mm. diameter), touching the basal margin but not the suture ; the humeral spot, also rounded, a little smaller, situated on the external half of the humeral callus but neither touching the base nor the external testaceous border ; the next pair of spots are located on the transverse median line, each rounded and subequal, and not touching the sutural margin or the external border ; the further two spots situated at three-fourths the length of the elytron, rounded, of practically the same size as the preceding pair, the inner spot not touching the suture, the outer touching the testaceous border ; the apical, testaceous spot semicircular, situated on the suture and abutting on the external border. Underside testaceous, except for the metasternum and the median parts of the first four abdominal sternites. Head sparsely and shallowly punctate on the front ; clypeus moderately emarginating the eyes, antennae fairly long and slender, n -segmented, reaching the mesosternum. Pronotum transverse, (i mm. long, 2-2 mm. broad), very coriaceous, with moderately sparse, fine and fairly impressed punctures. Scutellum triangular, the base longer than the sides, with about eight fine and shallow punctures. Elytra as long as the breadth of the two together, the external margin narrowly expanded and moderately sloping except near the apex ; shoulder-swelling distinct, punctation impressed, moderately coarse punctures intermixed with the fewer, relatively less coarse, punctures except near external margin where punctures are mostly coarse, the apical angles narrowly rounded. Underside with the prosternum rounded to somewhat pointed at the apex, with the pair of carinae slightly converging and extending as far as two- thirds the length of prosternum ; mesosternum emarginate in the middle of the anterior margin to accommodate the apex of prosternum ; metasternum with an impressed, longitudinal stria in the middle extending from the basal to the anterior margin, with a number of short, shallow and transverse striations and a few small and fine punctures over the surface ; abdominal lines incomplete. Male genitalia with the basal piece slightly broader than long ; the median lobe elongate, triangular, with the apical one-sixth moderately curved towards the parameres ; the sipho curved in almost a semicircle in the basal half and only slightly curved and gradually narrowed distally, the outer arm of the siphonal capsule narrow and nearly twice as long as the inner one, the apical part of the sipho characteristically wedge-shaped. $. Unknown. Length 4-4 mm. ; breadth 3-6 mm. % Holotype. <, SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Genitalia mounted between two coverslips and attached to the same pin as the specimen.) Paratype. <, INDIA, N.E.F.A., 3 miles N.W. of Phudang, on footpath to Bhutan, 28.ix.i96i (S. Biswas) in Z.S.I, collection. (Genitalia mounted as above.) EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 41 This and the succeeding four species form a closely related assemblage which is apparently close to the group of species called Calvia vishnu (Crotch) , Calvia krishna (Crotch), and Calvia buddha (Crotch), all from N. India and described by Crotch (1874) under the genus Anisocalvia Crotch which, as stated earlier, is ill-defined and not clearly distinguishable from Calvia Mulsant (1850). In respect of colour pattern C. shiva is very distinctive on account of the presence of six straw-yellow spots on a black elytron, as described above. However, it somewhat resembles C. punctata (Muls.), also from northern India, in that the elytral punctation is rather coarse, unequal and impressed, but on actual comparison of the examples of the two species, it becomes obvious that punctation in C. punctata is distinctly coarser and more unequal than is the case in C. shiva. FIG. 16. Outlines showing the patterns : A, Calvia shiva, sp. n. c, Calvia trilochana, sp. n. D, Calvia pasupati, sp. n. B, Calvia durgae, sp. n. 42 A. P. KAPUR Calvia durgae sp. n. (Text-figs. i6B, lyH-I) $. Body shortly oval, a little more elongate and larger than C. shiva, moderately convex (Text-fig. 1 6, B). Head yellowish-testaceous in the front, eyes grey, mouth-parts and antennae testaceous. Pronotum with a broad, rather M-shaped, orange-testaceous spot in the middle, with three additional straw-yellow spots, the central one of which is oval and smaller than the other two which are rather elongate and touching the basal and anterior margins but not the lateral margins ; the external margins somewhat translucent. Scutellum straw-yellow. Elytra orange-testaceous except for the testaceous and somewhat translucent external borders and the five, roundish to shortly oval, straw-yellow testaceous spots on each elytron arranged as 2, 2, i. The spot near the scutellum quite large, situated on the basal margin, more near the scutellar angle than near the humeral angle and extending as far as about one-fifth the length of the elytron ; the shoulder-spot smaller, roundish and situated on the external half of the humeral callus and extending a little below the level of the extremity of the sutural spot, not touching the external margin. The next two spots are situated on the transverse median line, rounded, slightly smaller than the spot near the scutellum, the inner one as near the suture as the latter, the outer spot equidistant from the inner spot and the external margin ; the fifth or subapical spot a little larger than the others, situated at four-fifths the length of the elytron, nearly equidistant from the lateral and the sutural margins. Underside testaceous except for the black metasternum. Head similar to the C. shiva except that the antennae appear to be a little longer. Pronotum also similar but with the punctation slightly closer and a little less impressed. Scutellum similar. Elytra also similar except for the punctation which is for the most part uniform, moderately coarse and impressed ; only slightly coarser near the external border. Underside also similar except that the metasternum has a less impressed median longitudinal stria which becomes faint and indistinct in the distal half, the short transverse striae not clearly visible, the coarse, sparse and impressed punctures present in the anterior median area and the fine and sparse, moderately impressed punctures in the lateral area. Female genitalia with the genital plates (ix sternite) pear-shaped, nearly 0-5 mm. long, 0-25 mm. broad, much narrowed in the proximal half, rounded and broadened distally (Text-fig. 17, H), spermatheca (Text-fig. 17, I) curved into approximately three quarters of a circle, slightly expanded distally, with the apex rounded, the ramus short and truncate. cJ. Unknown. Length 5-0 mm.; breadth 4-00 mm. Holotype. 9, SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.^.1924 (R. W. G. Kingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Female genitalia mounted between two coverslips and on the same pin as the specimen.) This species is slightly larger and more elongate than C. shiva described earlier ; it is also different from it in coloration and punctation as described above. On account of the general coloration, i.e., the orange-testaceous elytra and the straw- yellow elytral spots, this species bears a superficial resemblance to C. krishna (Crotch), but the latter has on each elytron six spots which are narrowly margined with dark brown and are differently placed. Calvia trilochana sp. n. (Text-figs. i6C, cJ, $. Body shortly oval, a little more rounded than C. durgae, moderately convex (Text- fig. 1 6, C). Head testaceous, with a pair of small, ill-defined, opaque yellowish-testaceous marks on the frons, close to the eyes, and a similarly coloured line on the anterior margin of EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 43 the clypeus ; the eyes are light grey, antennae and mouth-parts light testaceous. Pronotum testaceous, with three, rather ill-defined, longitudinal, straw-yellow vittae ; one in the centre of the other two, one each on either side, close to the lateral margin ; the external border rather translucent. Scutellum straw yellow. Elytra testaceous, each with three, straw-yellow, rather narrow vittae of uneven breadth, joined along the base and at the external apical area of the elytron, the first vitta parallel to the sutural margin and at about 0-3 mm. from it, the second at about two thirds the width of the elytron, passing by the outer side of the humeral callus and then for the most part of its length subparallel to the first vitta with which it joins in the subapical area ; the third vitta, which is very narrow, commences from the basal margin and runs parallel to the external margin before joining the other two near the apex of the elytron ; the external margins of elytra a little translucent. Underside light testaceous except for the black mesosternum and median parts of first three abdominal sternites. Head, pronotum and scutellum similar to C. durgae in the general outline and punctation. Elytra with the punctation uniform, but slightly coarser than in C. durgae and finer than in C. shiva or C. punctata. Underside with the pair of prosternal carinae rounded proximally and subparallel distally, not reaching the anterior margin ; prosternum and mesosternum very finely and sparsely punctate ; metathorax with the median longitudinal carina deep and present throughout the length, the punctation fine, impressed and sparse throughout. Male genitalia similar to those of C. shiva but with the median lobe broader and moderately humped before the subapical bend towards the parameres ; viewed from the front the median lobe is slightly constricted near the base, gradually expanded in the middle and narrowed to a conical apex ; apex of the sipho also distinct in outline and the character of chitinisation. Female genitalia with the genital plates (ix sternite) pear-shaped, relatively broader than those in C. durgae being two-thirds as broad as long (Text-fig. 17, J) ; spermatheca more or less similar in outline to that of C. durgae but slightly thicker. Length 4-5 mm. ; breadth 3-75 mm. Holotype. <, SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (Head, with the mouth-parts and antennae dissected and the abdomen with the male genitalia dissected and mounted between coverslips and attached to the pin bearing the specimen.) Allotype. $, with the same data as the holotype ; in the Z.S.I, collection, Calcutta. (Female genitalia dissected and mounted between two coverslips and on the same pin as the specimen.) This species may be compared with Calvia albolineata Schoenherr, described from China, on account of the general coloration ; C. albolineata besides being larger (5-1 mm. long and 4-5 mm. broad) and subhemispherical, has on each elytron four yellowish, sub-parallel lines, the two inner ones of which are united at their base and at two-thirds of their length ; the other two lines are independent, and differ in position from those of C. trilochana which, as described earlier, has only three lines, all of which join at the base and in the subapical area. Calvia pinaki sp. n. (Text-figs. <$, $. Body shortly oval (Text-fig. 17, A), moderately convex, with the declivity of the shoulder-swelling towards the lateral margin quite pronounced. Head brown, bordering on reddish-testaceous, except for the grey eyes and the reddish-testaceous apices of mandibles. Pronotum also brown, with a pair of subrounded, black spots near the base and a little distance away from either side of the scutellum which is testaceous. Elytra brown, altogether with 44 A. P. KAPUR FIG. 17. A, outline showing pattern of Calvia pinaki, sp. n. B, c, D, antenna, mandible and maxilla respectively, of the same. E, male genitalia without the sipho of the same, lateral view. F, G, siphonal capsule and apex of the sipho of the same. H, i, female genital plates and spermatheca respectively of Calvia durgae, sp. n. j, female genital plate of Calvia trilochana, sp. n. (0-3 mm. scale for figs. B-D ; 0-2 mm. scale for figs. E-H and j). EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 45 ten black spots of which two, situated at one-third and two-thirds along the suture, are common to both the elytra and are nearly oval in outline ; the other spots on each elytron are as follows : the subhumeral spot subrounded, small to moderately larger, situated in the middle of the elytron just below the level of the humeral callus ; the next spot, similar or slightly smaller, situated near the external margin at about one-third the length of elytra or at level with the first sutural spot ; the postmedian spot also subrounded situated in line with the post-humeral spot and level with the second common or sutural spot, nearly as large or a little larger than the latter ; the subapical spot smallest, rounded, and situated in the apical angle equidistant from the sutural and external margins ; the external border of elytra slightly translucent. Underside testaceous except for the black metathorax and the median parts of the first three abdominal sternites. Head finely and sparsely punctate. Pronotum rather sparsely, finely and shallowly impressed, less so than that in C. shiva. Scutellum nearly impunctate, with only a few, very fine punctures. Elytra with moderately fine, fairly close, impressed and uniform punctation, less coarse than that in C. shiva or C. pasupati (see infra). Underside with the prosternal carinae subparallel, not reaching the anterior margin, both pro- and mesosterna finely and sparsely punctate ; the metasternum with a longitudinal stria extending from the anterior to the basal margin, the punctation fine, moderately impressed and generally sparse, the median part with a few short and shallowly impressed striae. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 17, E) similar to those of C. shiva except that the basal piece is longer than wide and that the median lobe appears to be narrow when seen in profile ; the apex of the sipho also differs in outline and in the pattern of chitinisation (Text-fig. 17, G). Female genitalia with the genital plates more or less like those of C. durgae but with the distal half of the inner margin of the two plates subparallel rather than rounded ; spermatheca rather similar to that of the latter species. Length 4-5 mm. ; breadth 3-7 mm. Holotype. <$, SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (The head with the mouth-parts dissected and the male genitalia mounted between two coverslips and on the same pin as the specimen.) Allotype. $, with the same data as the holotype ; in the Z.S.I, collection. (The female genitalia mounted as above.) The most distinctive feature in the coloration of this species is that the background colour of the head, pronotum and elytra is testaceous to reddish-testaceous and that there are black pronotal and elytral spots. The differences between this and the preceding species in respect of punctation and genitalia have already been referred to earlier. The antennae and mouth-parts which are typical of the Coccinellini are shown in Text-fig. 17, B-D. Calvia pasupati sp. n. (Text-fig. i6D) o*. Body similar in shape and outline to C.pinaki, except that the declivity of the humeral callus is slightly more pronounced. Head straw-yellow except the grey eyes, the testaceous antennae and reddish-testaceous apices of the mandibles. Pronotum (Text-fig. 16, D) for the most part straw-yellow except for a pair of rather large, quadrate, black spots on the base, each at a little distance away from and on either side of the longitudinal median line ; a narrow border along the anterior angles and the lateral margins rather light testaceous and somewhat translucent. Scutellum straw-yellow. Elytra also with the ground colour straw-yellow except a narrow, translucent, testaceous border along the external margins and with twelve black spots arranged more or less as in the preceding species, but differing in shape and size, being much larger than those in C. pinaki. 46 A. P. KAPUR Head with very fine, sparse and shallow punctation. Pronotum similar to that in C, pinaki in outline but with the punctation fine, moderately sparse and fairly impressed, almost as that in C. shiva. Scutellum with a couple of fine punctures. Elytra as long as the breadth of the two together, with the humeral callus prominent and with the declivity of the callus towards the lateral margin well pronounced for about one-fourth of the length of the margin ; the external margin narrowly expanded along the border and slightly declivous ; the punctation moderately coarse and impressed, distinctly more than in C. pinaki and more or less like C. shiva which has, however, a rather mixed type of punctation ; in the present species, only a few punctures become coarser towards the lateral margin, otherwise, especially on the disc, they are uniform. Underside with the prosternal carinae subparallel and extending up to two-thirds of the length of prosternum, metasternum with a fairly well-impressed, median longitudinal stria and with coarse, sparse and impressed punctures except in the central median area where the punctures are much sparser, very fine and impressed and where the surface is also provided with a few short and shallowly impressed, transverse striae. Male genitalia like those in C. pinaki but with the median lobe slightly larger, more distinctly chitinized in the longitudinal median part and bent, with a scoop, at an angle of about one hundred degrees, towards the parameres which are comparatively more densely covered with hair than any of the preceding species ; the apical part of sipho also differs, being strongly chitinized and bearing two pairs of elongate, rod-like structures at the apex. $. Unknown. Length 4-75 mm.; breadth 4-0 mm. Holotype. <$, SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.iv.i924 (R. W. G. Hingston), in the British Museum (N.H.), London. (The genitalia dissected and mounted between two coverslips on the same pin as the specimen.) Paratype. <$, with the same data as the holotype is in the Z.S.I, collection, Calcutta. This example is apparently immature, and teneral, the coloration being not fully developed because the pronotal and elytral spots are brownish. Although this species resembles C. pinaki in the basic arrangement of the black spots of the elytra it can easily be distinguished from the latter in the detailed characters of the colour-pattern ; the ground colour of the head, pronotum and elytra in this species is straw-yellow as against the brown colour in C. pinaki, and the black spots are much larger and different in outline. There are also differences between the two species in the degree of the declivity of the elytra in the area posterior and lateral to the humeral callus, in the punctation of the pronotum, elytra and metasternum, as well as in the shape and structure of the median lobe and sipho of the male genitalia. Tribe Psylloborini Halyzia straminea (Hope) Coccinella straminea Hope, in Gray, 1831 : 31 [Type loc., Nepal]. Halyzia straminea (Hope) Mulsant, 1850 : 165. Halyzia straminea (Hope) ; Weise, i8g$c : 133. Material. 2 ex., SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.^.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). Though originally described from Nepal this species was further recorded from Simla (Punjab) and Sikkim by Weise (1895). An example of it from Kurseong (N. Bengal) is present in the Z.S.I, collection, beside two others from Sikkim. EVEREST COCCINELLIDAE 47 Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant, 1853 : 152 [Type loc., N. India]. Material, i ex., TIBET, Yatung, 10,000 ft., 23^11.1924 (R. W. G. Hingston) ; i ex., SIKKIM, Singhik, 5,000 ft., 24.lv. 1924 (R. W. G. Hingston). The record of this species from Yatung, Tibet, is of great interest as the species has hitherto been known from various parts of northern India and Sikkim only. I have collected it in Delhi where the examples with confluent elytral spots, especially in the apical half of elytra, are quite common. REFERENCES ANDREWS, H. E. 1923. Coleoptera of the Second Mount Everest Expedition, 1922. Part I. Carabidae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 11 : 273-278. - 1930. The Carabidae of the Third Mount Everest Expedition, 1921. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 78 : 1-44, i map. BLAIR, K. G. 1922. Coleoptera of the Mount Everest Expedition, 1921. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 9 : 558-562. - 1923. Coleoptera of the Mount Everest Expedition, 1922. Part II. Heteromera. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 11 : 278-285. 1928. Heteromera of the Third Mount Everest Expedition, 1924. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 19 : 241-255. CROTCH, G. R. 1874. A revision of the Coleopterous family Coccinellidae. x + 311 pp. London. DIEKE, G. H. 1947. Ladybeetles of the genus Epilachna (sens, lat.) in Asia, Europe and Australia. Smithson, misc. Coll. 106 (15) : 1-183. DOBZHANSKY, T. 1926. Die Palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Rev. russ. Ent. 20 : 3-32, 5 figs. 1927. Neue und wenig bekannte Coccinelliden. Rev. russ. Ent. 21 : 212-217. FABRICIUS, J. C. 1781. Species Insectorum I. viii + 552 pp. Hamburg. GOEZE, J. A. E. 1777. Entomologische Beytrdge I. xvi + 736 pp. Leipzig. GORHAM, H. S. 1894. On the Coccinellidae collected by Mr. L. Fea in Burma. Ann. Mus. Star. nat. Genova (2) 34 : 683-695. HEYDEN, L. VON. 1892. Beitrag zur Coleopteren Fauna von Turkestan, Turkmenien und Siid-West-Siberien. Dtsch. ent. Z. 36 : 105-110. HOPE, F. W. 1831. Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul Insects in the Collection of Major General Hardwicke. In Gray, J. E. Zoological Miscellany : 21-32. KAPUR, A. P. 1948. A revision of the tribe Aspidimerini Weise (Coleoptera-Coccinellidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 99 : 77-128, i pi., 17 figs. 1949. On the Indian species of Rodolia Mulsant (Coleoptera-Coccinellidae). Bull. ent. Res. 39 : 531-538. J 957- Variation in the colour pattern of certain Lady-bird beetles from high altitudes in the Himalayas. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India 9 : 269-273, 2 figs. 1958. Coccinellidae of Nepal. Rec. Indian Mus. 53 : 309-338, 12 figs. 1961. Taxonomic notes on Epilachna indica Mulsant and description of a new species related to it. Proc. R. ent. Soc. (B) 30 : 133-140. KORSCHEFSKY, R. 1931 Coleopterorum Catalogus 16 (118) : 1-224 Berlin. 1932. Ibid. 16 (120) : 225-659. MADER, L. 1927. Evidenz der Palaarktischen Coccinelliden. Z. Ver. NatBeob., Wien, Suppl. 2 : 25-48. 1928. Ibid. 3 : 49-76. 1929. Ibid. 4 : 77-124. 48 A. P. KAPUR MADER, L. 1930. Ibid. 5 : 125-168. 1931. Ibid. 6 : 169-204. [Above papers also reprinted with same pagination under same title, as volume.] 1933. Uber neue und bekannte Coccinelliden. Wien. ent. Ztg. 50 : 93-99. MULSANT, M. E. 1846. Histoire naturelle de Coleopteres de France : Sulcicolles-Securipalpes 4 : xxiv + 280 pp. Paris. 1850. Species de Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon. (2) 2 : 1-1104. [Reprinted 1851 as separate volume with same pagination.] 1853. Supplement a la Monographic des Coccinellides. Ann. Soc. linn. Lyon. 1 : 137-333. [Reprinted 1853 Opusc. Ent. 3 : 1-205. Separately paginated.] 1866. Monographic des Coccinellides. 292 pp. Paris. [pp. 1-112 reprinted from reference below.] 1866. Monographic des Coccinellides. Mem. Acad. Lyon. 15 : 1-112. 1867. Ibid, 16 : 1-112. [Reprint with separate pagination.] - 1870. Ibid. 17 : 1-66. [Reprint with separate pagination.] RYBAKOW, G. 1899. Insecta in itinere cl. N. Przewalski in Asia Centrali Novissimehecta. XIV Chrysomelidae et Coccinellidae. Horae Soc. ent. ross. 23 : 286-290. SICARD, A. 1913. Notes sur quelques Coccinellides de 1'Inde et de Birmanie appartemant a la collection de M. Andrewes de Londres et description d'especes de la varietes nouvelles. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 81 : 495-506. WEISE, J. 1892. In L. von Heyden, Beitrag zur Coleopteren-Fauna von Turkestan, Turk- menien und Siid-West-Siberien. Dtsch. ent. Z. 36 : 109-110. - 18950. Aspidiphorus quadriguttatus n. sp. Dtsch. ent. Z. 1895 : 326. - 18956. Insectes du Bengalae. 366 Memoire. Coccinellidae. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 39 : I5I-I57- 18956. Neue Coccinelliden sowie bemarkungen zu bekannten Arten. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 39 : 120-146. - 1900. Coccinelliden aus Ceylon. Dtsch. ent. Z. 1900 : 417-445. WIEDEMANN, C. R. W. 1823. Zweihundert neue Kafer von Java, Bengalen und dem Vorgebirge der guten Hoffnung. Zool. Mag. 2 : 1-133. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED LONDON I THE ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR III. PYRGOMORPHIDAE V. M. DIRSH BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. 2 LONDON: 1963 THE ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) (^ 8 AUG OF MADAGASCAR III. PYRGOMORPHIDAE BY V. M. DIRSH Anti-Locust Research Centre, London Pp. 49-103 : 29 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. 2 LONDON: 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 14, No. 2 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued 23rd August, 1963 Price Sixteen Shillings THE ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR III. PYRGOMORPHIDAE By V. M. DIRSH SYNOPSIS The family Pyrgomorphidae of Madagascar is revised. Six new genera and eight new species are described. Inadequately described genera and species are redescribed and synonymy checked. Interrelation between genera and species is briefly discussed. Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE THE family Pyrgomorphidae is richly represented in Madagascar. Most of the genera and species are purely endemic and from the taxonomic point of view peculiar. Interrelation of many of them with other genera and species of the family is rather obscure. It seems likely that less than half of the genera and possibly less than a quarter of the species of Pyrgomorphidae of Madagascar are known. Further study of the fauna of the island is necessary to produce new data which could help in understanding the interrelationships of this family. One species (Caprorhinus squamipennis Bruner), which is not from Madagascar but Comoro Is., is included in this part as essential for an understanding of the whole genus. The key to genera below is purely artificial and does not reflect phylogenetic interrelation between the genera. In this part, the bibliography contains only those references not already given in parts I and II (Dirsh, 1962). KEY TO GENERA 1 (26) Bases of antennae located behind lateral ocelli. Lower external area of hind femur not displaced ventrally to external medial area y. 2 (3) Pronotum strongly tuberculate and toothed ; dorsum flattened ; lateral lobes attached to dorsum at a right angle (Text-figs, i, 2) PHYMATEUS (p. 52) 3 (2) Pronotum not tuberculate or with small tubercles and without teeth ; dorsum cylindrical, or subcylindrical ; lateral lobes roundly merging with dorsum. 4 (23) Head conical or acutely conical, without process formed by fastigium of vertex and upper part of frons. 5 (12) Elytra fully developed, shortened or vestigial. 6 (7) Lateral carinae of pronotum present (Text-figs. 4, 5) PYRGOMORPHELLA (p. 57) 7 (6) Lateral carinae of pronotum absent. 8 (n) Elytra shortened, touching each other at dorsum, lobiform lateral, covering tympanum, or fully developed (in f. macroptera). 9 (10) Head narrow, acutely conical ; fastigium of vertex more than twice as long as its width. Metazona of pronotum not raised. Elytra lobiform, lateral or in f. macroptera fully developed (Text-fig. 6) ... RUBELLIA (p. 62) 10 (9) Head widely conical ; fastigium of vertex slightly longer than its width. Metazona of pronotum raised or inflated. Brachypterous or micropterous (Text-figs. 7, 8) PSEUDORUBELLIA (p. 64) 11 (8) Elytra vestigial, scale-like, not covering tympanum (if present) (Text-fig. 9) CAPRORHINUS (p. 67) 52 V. M. DIRSH 12 (5) Elytra completely absent. 13 (20) Frontal ridge, in profile, angularly or roundly merging with fastigium of vertex. 14 (15) Head short, conical ; fastigium of vertex wider than its length. Male cercus widened in basal and narrowed and incurved in apical part (Text-fig. 15) GYMNOHIPPUS (p. 75) 15 (14) Head elongate, narrow conical ; fastigium of vertex longer than its width. Male cercus simple, conical or subconical. 16 (19) Male subgenital plate simple, slightly compressed, in profile with rounded apex. 17 (18) Male body elongated, very cylindrical, in female slightly fusiform. Sides of mesosternal interspace slightly incurved or straight (Text-fig. 16) PARASPHENA (p. 76) 1 8 (17) Body, in both sexes, strongly elongated, cylindrical. Sides of mesosternal interspace strongly incurved (Text-fig. 17) . DYSCOLORHINUS (p. 78) 19 (16) Male subgenital plate from above trilobate, lobes formed by lateral and median carinulae (Text-fig. 1 8) . . . . . AMBOSITRACRIS (p. 80) 20 (13) Frontal ridge, in profile, excised before merging with fastigium of vertex. 21 (22) Body very slender, elongated, narrow cylindrical. Fastigium of vertex strongly elongated, narrow angular, more than twice as long as its width. Antenna longer than head and pronotum together (Text-fig. 19) SAGITTACRIS (p. 82) 22 (21) Body cylindrical or slightly fusiform. Fastigium of vertex parabolic, less than twice as long or shorter than its width. Antenna shorter than head and pronotum together (Text-fig. 20) . . . . PYRGOHIPPUS (p. 84) 23 (4) Head conical, with protruding process formed by fastigium of vertex and upper part of frons. 24 (25) Male anterior femur on external side with row of large teeth. End of abdomen not inflated. Cercus simple, conical (Text-fig. 21) . . GELOIUS (p. 86) 25 (24) Male anterior femur without teeth. End of abdomen inflated. Cercus large, incurved, with wide basal and strongly widened apical part ; apex below with angular projection, above with very large inverse axe-shaped projection (Text-figs. 25, 26) PSEUDOGELOIUS (p. 92) 26 (i) Bases of antennae located in front of lateral ocelli. Lower external area of hind femur displaced ventrally to external medial area. 27 (30) Fully winged. Frontal ridge over whole length low, not protruding in apical part and not excised at apex. 28 (29) Lower external area of hind femur strongly widened and displaced ventrally to external medial area (Text-fig. 27) . . . SCHULTHESSIA (p. 95) 29 (28) Lower external area of hind femur narrow, slightly displaced ventrally to external medial area (Text-fig. 28) . . . ATRACTOMORPHA (p. 97) 30 (27) Micropterous or apterous. Frontal ridge in apical part compressed and protruding, at apex, in profile, excised (Text-fig. 29) UHAGONIA (p. 100) PHYMATEUS Thunberg, 1815 Phymateus (Maphyteus} I. Bolivar, 1904 : 403. Maphyteus I. Bolivar, 1904 ; Kirby, 1910 : 312 ; Dirsh, 1958 : 51. Large and robust. Integument rugose and tuberculate. Antenna thick, filiform. Fastigium of vertex short, convex, angular ; apical fastigial areolae poorly developed, convex ; fastigial furrow short, deep ; head conical ; frons oblique and incurved ; frontal ridge narrow, sulcate with thick lateral carinulae. Dorsum of pronotum flattened, covered with tubercles and teeth ; median carina low, widely interrupted by three sulci ; metazona shorter than prozona, its posterior margin rounded, with tuberculate or toothed edge ; lateral lobes attached at a right angle. Prosternal process large, acutely conical ; mesosternal interspace longer than its width, distant from transverse metasternal interspace. Elytra and wings fully developed ; ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 53 wings brightly coloured, with tessellated pattern. Tympanal organ well developed. Hind femur narrow ; external apical spine of hind tibia present. Arolium large. Male supra-anal plate elongate, angular ; cercus conical ; subgenital plate subconical, obtuse. Ovipositor short, robust, with curved valves. Phallic complex : cingulum strongly sclerotized ; valves of cingulum short ; penis straight, with slightly curved apex ; basal valve moderately widened, apical valve acute or subacute. Epiphallus robust ; bridge moderately short ; lophi short, with large, strong hooks ; dorso- lateral appendices short, stout. Spermatheca irregularly twisted ; widely vermicular, with single diverticulum ; sometimes there is bulge suggesting presence of second diverticulum. Type species : Gryllus Locusta morbillosus Linnaeus, 1758. KEY TO SPECIES 1 (2) Elytra from steel-bluish to olive-green, tessellated pattern yellow ; hind wing crimson red ......... sttxosus Coquerel 2 (i) Elytra from brownish-orange to olive-green, tessellated pattern orange or absent ; hind wings from orange to orange-red . . . tnadagassus Karsch Phymateus saxosus Coquerel, 1861 (Text-figs, i, 3) Phymateus saxosus Coquerel, 1861 : 500. Phymateus puniceus I. Bolivar, 1904 : 415, syn. n. Phymateus buyssoni I. Bolivar, 1903 : 190, syn. n. Phymateus buyssoni var. spinosus I. Bolivar, 1904 : 416, syn. n. Phymateus cardinalis I. Bolivar, 1904 : 516, syn. n. cj. Antenna ig-segmented, longer than head and pronotum together. Head above with median carinula. General coloration steel-bluish ; antenna black ; dorsum of pronotum red, with red spines and tubercles, olive-green or dark brown, with red spines and tubercles, or olive-green, with orange spines and tubercles ; lateral lobes of pronotum and pleura with orange spots ; elytra dark steel-blue, olive-blue or olive-green, with yellow tessellated pattern, which varies, being narrow or wide ; hind wings crimson-red, in newly moulted specimens pale, in sexually mature intensely red ; carinulae of hind femur yellow ; hind tibia olive green, with yellow spines ; abdomen with alternating blackish and yellowish rings. $. As the male, but larger and more robust. Antenna i8-segmented. Subgenital plate in middle of posterior margin with narrow angular projection. Length of body <$ 43'O-55-o, 64-0-73-0 ; pronotum <$ 10-5-13-6, $ 12-8-17-3 ; elytron 6* 4 I- 3-5 2 '4> $ 5'4~^3' 2 ' hind femur <$ 21-0-27-0, 9 24-6-31-2 mm. The original description of Phymateus puniceus I. Bolivar was based on a male and female, and noted that they are preserved in the Paris Museum. At present only a female remains there with labels : (i) " Madagascar. Montagne Amboitrosy. Dr. Joly 1900"; (2) "Sept."; (3) in I. Bolivar's handwriting: "Phymateus puniceus Bol. I. Bolivar det. 1903 ". The word " Syntype " was added by a different hand and different ink. In the Madrid Museum there is a female specimen of Phymateus puniceus with I. Bolivar's determination label and with the recently added label " Allotype ". The male and two female specimens of Phymateus buyssoni I. Bolivar are preserved in the Paris Museum, all with labels : " Madagascar. Andevorante, A. Mathiaux. ENTOM 14 2 2 54 V. M. DIRSH 1900 ". Also on the male is " Phymateus buyssoni Bol. Type " in I. Bolivar's handwriting, and on both females the labels " Type " are present but determination labels are absent. The male specimen of Phymateus buyssoni var. spinosus I. Bolivar is also preserved FIG. I. Phymateus saxosus Coquerel, 1861. i, female. 2, head from above. 3, meso- and metasternum, female. 4, the same, male. 5, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 6, the same, lateral view. 7, penis and sperma- tophore sac. 8, epiphallus. 9, spermatheca. Ap, apical valve of penis. Bp, basal valve of penis. Cng, cingulum. Cv, valve of cingulum. L, lobe. Scl, sclerotization. Sps, spermatophore sac. Vpc, ventral posterior process of cingulum. (This lettering is applicable to all figures.) ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 55 in the Paris Museum. It bears labels : (i) " Madagascar. A. Grandidier 1866 "; (2) " Phymateus buyssoni var. spinosus Bol. I. Bolivar det. 1903. Type ", in I. Bolivar's handwriting. On the same label the word " Lectotype " was added recently by a different hand and different ink. (3) " Lectotype. Det. D. K. McE. Kevan, 1960 ". Also in the Paris Museum the male specimen, presumably the type of Phymateus cardinalis, is preserved, with labels: (i) "Madagascar. G. Grandidier"; (2) " Mahafaly "; (3) Phymateus cardinalis Bol. I. Bolivar det. 1903 ", in I. Bolivar's handwriting. The word " Type " written by a different hand and different ink was added later. All the above mentioned specimens were studied by me and found conspecific. I. Bolivar differentiated Ph. puniceus from Ph. cardinalis by the shape of the pronotum. For Ph. puniceus he stated : " Pronotum dorso sensim deplanato ", and for Ph. cardinalis " Pronotum dorso postice sensim elevato ". When series of material was studied this difference, originally small, became insignificant, as all intermediate forms were found. Acuteness of the spines of the pronotum is also variable, so that it is impossible to differentiate puniceus from cardinalis in a long series. Ph. buyssoni differs only in the orange coloration of the dorsum of the pronotum. In all other respects it is the same as Ph. puniceus and Ph. cardinalis. Ph. buyssoni var. spinosus represents only an individual variation of the species, which does not exceed the range of variability of the species in respect of acuteness of spines. When compared with the type of Phymateus saxosus Coquerel, 1861 (in Paris Museum) there is no doubt that it is the same species. Madagascar Nord-Ouest : Mt. Tsaratanana, Ampanompia, viii.ig^i, i nymph, i $ (/. Doucet) ; Ankarafantsika, i $. Madagascar Nord-Est : Station Agricole du Lac Alaotra, 30. xi. 1947, i $ (J. Doucet} . Madagascar Quest : 20 km. Sud Ankavandra, lambeau forestier, i <$ (R. Paulian) ; Antsingy de Bekopaka, vii.1949, i $ (R. Paulian). Madagascar Centre : Tananarive, Tsimbazaza, ix.1958, i $ ; Nosivola, RN3, i<$ ; Ankazobe, P.K. 132 Rte. de Majunga, ix.i957, 2 <$ (J. Elie) ; det. de Miarinarivo, Fidasiana, viii.1958, 1 , I Q (A. Robinson) ; Ankazobe, Foret d'Ambohitantely, 2 1-23. xii. 1 947, 2 $ ; Arivonimamo, n.x.i948, i <$ (R.E.). Madagascar Est : Ankadimanga, Manjakandriana, xii. 1957, i <$ (/. Elie) ; PeYinet, 2 J ; Moramanga, i <$ (Gruvel) ; Ambinanindrano, 50 km. W. of Mahanoro, 1915, i <$ (G. K. Kestell-Cornish) ; Sandrakely, 25 km. Nord Ifanadiana, 3.1.1948, i $ (G.V.) ; Ambatofotirahana, km. 303 Rte. de Mananjary, 2 $. Madagascar Sud-Ouest : Lac lotry, 40 m., Morombe, vii.1957, i $ (A. Robinson). Madagascar Sud : Fort Dauphin, Tsivory, Marotsiraka, xi.ig^g, i $ (Randriamasy) ; Ivohibe, Farafangana, 2 <, Foret, Col d'lvohibe, xi.ig^o, i <$ ; Betroka, 18^.1948, i <$, i $ (/. de D. Ratoto). 56 V. M. DIRSH Phymateus madagassus Karsch, 1888 (Text-figs. 2, 3) Phymateus grandidieri I. Bolivar, 1903 : 190, syn. n. o*. Antenna ig-segmented, longer than head and pronotum together. Head above with median carinula. General coloration brownish-orange to olive-green ; dorsum of pronotum orange-brown, olive-green, or brown ; spines and tubercles orange, yellowish, brown or reddish ; lateral FIG. 2. Phymateus madagassus Karsch, 1888. i, pronotum, lateral view (Type). 2, the same, from above. 3, head from above. 4, meso- and metasternum, female. 5, the same, male. 6, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 7, the same, lateral view. 8, penis and spermatophore sac. 9, epiphallus. 10, spermatheca. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 57 lobe of pronotum and pleura with orange or yellow spots ; elytron brownish-orange or olive- green, tessellated pattern narrow, orange, frequently absent ; hind wing from pale orange to orange and orange-red ; tessellated pattern brownish ; hind femur olive-green or brownish, with yellow carinulae ; hind tibia bluish, spines orange or yellow ; abdomen with alternating yellow and bluish or brownish rings. $. As the male, but larger and more robust. Antenna 18 or ig-segmented. Subgenital plate in middle of posterior margin with narrow angular projection. Length of body Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, i $ ; Sakavondro, 40 m., Fort Dauphin, vi.i957, i $ (A. Robinson). Madagascar Sud : Andohahelo, Beroanga, i $ (R. Pauliari) ; Androy, Tranomaro, ii. 1954, i $ (R. Pauliari); Fort Dauphin, i ^, i $ (R. Pauliari); Amborombe. iv.i954, 3 $ (R. Pauliari). This species varies in body size, particularly the males, and in coloration. Some of the specimens are olive-green and the black pattern is less distinct. PSEUDORUBELLIA gen. n. Of medium size, body slightly fusiform. Integument finely rugose. Antenna filiform, longer than head and pronotum together. Head conical, above with longitudinal carinula ; fastigium of vertex slightly longer than its width, narrowing towards apex ; fastigial areolae hardly traceable ; frons moderately incurved ; frontal ridge low, narrow, shallowly sulcate, angularly merging with fastigium of vertex. Compound eyes moderately small, strongly convex, almost hemispherical. Ocelli moderately small. Pronotum widening backwards, dorsum convex, crossed by three sulci, median carina obtuse along whole length or raised in metazona ; lateral carinae absent ; metazona shorter than prozona, slightly raised or raised and inflated, its posterior margin roundly excurved. Prosternal process low, pyramidal. Metasternal interspace distant from mesosternal. Elytra and wings lobiform, lateral or ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 65 shortened, reaching fifth abdominal tergite and overlapping on dorsum. Tympanal organ well developed. Hind femur moderately narrow. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Arolium large. Ovipositor short, slender with valves slightly curved at apices. Type species : Rubellia brancsiki I. Bolivar, 1904. I. Bolivar described Rubellia brancsiki from a single male specimen, and a new species based on females is described below. Studying the types led to the conclu- sion that it is not possible to regard either species as congeneric with Rubellia nigrosignata and the new genus is erected for them. The two genera differ as follows : 1 (2) Body fusiform. Integument rugose and tuberculate. Head narrow, acutely conical ; fastigium of vertex more than twice as long as its width ; frons strongly incurved. Dorsum of pronotum flattened ; metazona not raised. Prosternal process tubercle-like. Micropterous or macropterous RUBELLIA. 2 (i) Body slightly fusiform. Integument finely rugose. Head widely conical ; fastigium of vertex slightly longer than its width ; frons moderately incurved. Dorsum of pronotum cylindrically convex ; metazona raised or inflated. Prosternal process pyramidal. Micropterous and brachypterous. PSEUDORUBELLIA No doubt a study of the phallic complex would provide more definite characters for the separation of these genera, but unfortunately the end of the abdomen of Bolivar's male type is broken and lost and there are no more male specimens known. However, the general appearance of the new genus is so strikingly different that to keep them together would lead to confusion. FIG. 7. Pseudorubellia brancsiki (I. Bolivar, 1904), type, i, head, pronotum and elytron, lateral view. 2, head from above. 3, meso- and metasternum. KEY TO SPECIES (2) (cJ) Metazona of pronotum slightly raised, median carina low over whole length. Posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum rounded. Elytra lobiform, lateral ......... brancsiki I. Bolivar (i) ($) Metazona of pronotum inflated, median carina raised. Posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum angular, attenuate and slightly excurved. Elytra shortened, overlapping on dorsum ..... thoracica sp. n. 66 V. M. DIRSH Pseudorubellia brancsiki (I. Bolivar, 1904) (Text-fig. 7) cJ. Type. (Redescription.) Of medium size. Integument shiny. Antenna iS-segmented. Apex of fastigium of vertex parabolic ; fastigial furrow short ; lateral carinae of frontal ridge low, obtuse. Median carina of pronotum low, obtuse over whole length ; metazona slightly raised ; angles of lateral lobes rounded. Mesosternal interspace wider than its length, slightly widened forwards ; metasternal interspace short, strongly widened, transverse. Elytron lobiform, lateral, covering tympanum, slightly exceeds first abdominal tergite and narrowing towards subacute apex. Wings vestigial. Lower lobes of hind knee angular. General coloration olive-green ; antenna brownish ; head orange-yellow, above with blackish longi- tudinal stripe ; blackish postocular stripe present, enclosing a small yellowish spot ; labrum black, with yellow spots ; pronotum olive-green ; upper part of lateral lobe with blackish longitudinal stripe ; thorax with black and yellow spots ; anterior half of elytron blackish, posterior half greenish ; abdomen above with narrow yellowish median stripe ; legs olive green ; hind knee blackish ; hind tibia and spines blackish. Length of body 27-0 ; pronotum 6-5 ; elytron 6-0 ; hind femur 14-0 mm. Only the male type in Madrid Museum is known. The end of the abdomen of the type is broken. Type locality : Madagascar, Diego Suarez. FIG. 8. Pseudorubellia thoracica sp. n. i, female, type. 2, head from above. 3, meso- and metasternum. 4, end of abdomen. 5, spermatheca. Pseudorubellia thoracica sp. n. (Text-fig. 8) $ Type. Of medium size. Integument shiny. Antenna iS-segmented. Apex of fastigium of vertex angular ; fastigial furrow short ; lateral carinae of frontal ridge low, obtuse. Metazona of pronotum in posterior part inflated, forming near posterior edge a tubercle-like ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 67 projection, median carina raised, posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum slightly attenuate and excurved. Mesosternal interspace longer than its width, with strongly incurved sides ; metasternal interspace short, more or less oval in shape. Elytra exceed middle of fourth abdominal tergite, overlapping on dorsum, venation and reticulation rough, reduced. Wings slightly shorter than elytron. Lower lobes of hind knee angular. Supra-anal plate simple, angular ; cercus short, compressed, narrow angular ; subgenital plate in middle of posterior margin with acutangular projection ; upper margins of upper valve of ovipositor slightly serrated. Spermatheca with single twisted diverticulum. General coloration ochraceous-brown ; antenna brownish ; head olive-ochraceous ; edges of fastigium of vertex and postocular stripe black, the latter enclosing a small yellowish spot ; prozona of pronotum in posterior two thirds with blackish spot ; median carina in metazona blackish ; lateral lobe, in upper part, with blackish longitudinal stripe ; pleura ochraceous with black spot enclosing yellowish small spot ; elytron bluish-black with ochraceous stripe in vannal fold ; wing bluish ; hind femur ochraceous ; hind knee blackish ; hind tibia olive- green. Male unknown. Length of body 25-6-29-5 ; pronotum 7-0 ; elytron 8-5-9-2 ; hind femur 14-0-15-0 mm. Madagascar Nord-Ouest : Ampijoroa, 170 m. Ankarafantsika, 1.1957, i ? (type). Ampijoroa, Tsaramandroso, i $. Morondava, foret sud de Befasy, 1.1956, i $ (R. Paulian). Type and one paratype in Paris Museum. One paratype in the British Museum (Natural History). There is a possibility that Pseudorubdlia thoracica represents the female of Pseudorubellia brancsiki. They are, however, so different in many respects that for the time being it is advisable to consider them as separate species. CAPRORHINUS Saussure, 1899 Of medium size, body fusiform. Integument finely rugose. Antenna thick filiform, or slightly widened in basal part, shorter or longer than head and pronotum together. Head acutely conical ; fastigium of vertex elongated, with parabolic or angular apex ; fastigial areolae poorly developed ; weak carinula of vertex present ; frons in profile strongly incurved ; frontal ridge narrow, low, shallowly sulcate, with low, obtuse lateral carinulae, between and in front of antennae lamelliformly compressed and sulcus deepened. Eye small, oval, strongly convex. Pronotum subcylindrical, slightly constricted in middle and slightly widening back- wards ; weak median carina present, lateral carinae absent ; dorsum crossed by two sulci ; metazona much shorter than prozona, its posterior margin angularly or roundly incurved ; lower margin of lateral lobe oblique. Prosternal process low, pyramidal. Mesosternal inter- space narrow, in male twice or more as long as its width. Elytra vestigial, scale-like. Tympanal organ in male small, open, or vestigial, in female vestigial. Male abdomen, between first and second tergite, with short, narrow slit. In female metanotum and first abdominal tergite inflated, in middle with large projection, protruding upwards and partly backwards, tooth-like, with soft integument. Hind femur moderately narrow ; lower lobes of hind knee slightly attenuate, angular. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate in male small, narrow ; in female large, angular. Male cercus moderately long, compressed, in- and downcurved in apical half ; in female short, compressed, angular. Male subgenital plate short, in profile with rounded or straight apex, slightly protruding upper part and pair of lateral tubercles near apex in upper part ; in female slightly trilobate with acutangular middle lobe. Ovipositor short, robust, with valves curved at apices. Phallic complex : cingulum strongly sclerotized, from above pear-shaped ; valves of cingulum moderately large ; basal valve of penis expanded, up- and excurved ; apical valve narrow, simple, with subacute apex, spermatophore sac large. Epiphallus of variable shape. Spermatheca with single, vermicular diverticulum. 68 V. M. DIRSH Type species : Caprorhinus fusiformis Saussure, 1899. Five species of this genus are known at present, four of them from Madagascar and one from Comoro Is. Males are known for all of them, but females only for three. In general appearance all the species are rather similar, but differ in the shape of the fastigium of the vertex, in the external parts of the genitalia and especially in FIG. 9. Caprorhinus zolotarevskyi Uvarov, 1929. i, male. 2, female. 3, head above, male. 4, meso- and metasternum, male. 5, the same, female. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 69 the phallic complex. It should be pointed out that the three known females of three species are so similar in appearance that they may be easily confused. By the peculiar structure of the first abdominal tergite in females, Caprorhinus is rather isolated from the other genera of the family. However, a certain similarity in general appearance (except the projection on the first abdominal tergite in females) and in the phallic complex between Caprorhinus and the Indian genus Colemania I. Bolivar, 1910 suggests that these genera may be remotely related or at least affinity between them is more pronounced than between Caprorhinus and other genera. KEY TO SPECIES Males 1 (2) Sides of fastigium of vertex above, in basal part, strongly excurved. Posterior margin of last abdominal tergite sinuate (Text-figs. 9, 10) zolotarevskyi Uvarov 2 (i) Sides of fastigium of vertex above, in basal part, moderately or slightly excurved. Posterior margin of last abdominal tergite bilobate or excised in middle. 3 (4) Fastigium of vertex long and narrow. Posterior margin of pronotum deeply, roundly excised (Text-fig, n). . . . . . . rostratus Uvarov 4 (3) Fastigium of vertex relatively shorter and less narrow. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly, widely incurved. 5 (8) Elytron as long as or shorter than its width. Larger size. 6 (7) Fastigium of vertex twice as long as its width at the middle. Cercus more robust. Larger size (Text-fig. 12) . . . . . Jusifortnis Saussure 7 (6) Fastigium of vertex three times as long as its width at the middle. Cercus less robust. Smaller size (Text-fig. 13) . . . . . minor Uvarov 8 (5) Elytron longer than its width. Small size (Text-fig. 14) . squamipennis Bruner Caprorhinus zolotarevskyi Uvarov, 1929 (Text-figs. 9, 10) cJ Type. (Redescription.) Comparatively large. Integument moderately rugose. Fasti- gium of vertex twice as long as its width in middle, its sides at basal part strongly excurved, sides of upper part parallel, apex parabolic ; upper, compressed part of frontal ridge narrow, angularly merging with fastigium of vertex. Median carina of pronotum weak ; metazona one third of length of prozona, its posterior margin angularly incised in middle. Prosternal process with subacute apex. Protruding part of elytron about as wide as its length. Tympanal organ small, open. Last abdominal tergite large, its posterior margin slightly protruding, incurved in middle. Supra-anal plate small, angular, shorter than cercus ; cercus compressed, widened in basal part, tapering towards apical part, apex acute, incurved and downcurved ; subgenital plate with lateral ridge-like fold ending in upper part with small tubercle. Phallic complex : valves of cingulum of moderate size ; penis valves almost straight ; basal valve widened and slightly excurved ; apical valve slightly upcurved, slender. Epi- phallus with wide bridge and moderately large anterior projection ; lophi short, robust, with strong hooks ; dorso-lateral appendices as long as epiphallus with club-like apices. General coloration brown ; face ochraceous ; head with postocular stripe, head and pronotum above with median ochraceous stripe ; lower part of lateral lobe ochraceous ; elytron bright red, its lower external part black ; hind knee brown ; kind tibia brown, with purplish tinge ; spines ochraceous with brown apices. $. Larger than the male and more robust. Metanotum and first abdominal tergite inflated ; projection on first abdominal tergite large, compressed, with angular apex. Tympanal organ ENTOM 14 2 4 7 o V. M. DIRSH vestigial. Valves of ovipositor short, robust ; upper external margin of upper valve roughly serrated. Spermatheca vermicular, with single diverticulum. General coloration olive brown. In other respects as the male. Length of body Q* 29-0, $ 33-0 ; pronotum <$ 4-5, 9 5-0 ; hind femur <$ 14*5, ? 14-0 mm. Type locality : S.E. Madagascar, between Bazaka and Tongolory, Tule'ar. Type in British Museum (Natural History). 2 7 FIG. 10. Caprorkinus zolotarevskyi Uvarov, 1929. i, end of male abdomen, lateral view. 2, the same, from above. 3, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 4, the same, lateral view. 5, penis and spermatophore sac. 6, epiphallus. 7, spermatheca. Caprorhinus restrains Uvarov, 1929 (Text-fig, n) o* Type. (Redescription.) Comparatively large. Integument finely rugose. Antenna ai-segmented, apical segment at apex slightly incised. Fastigium of vertex narrow, elongated, three times as long as its width in middle, its sides at basal part slightly excurved, in apical two thirds parallel, apex parabolic ; upper, compressed part of frontal ridge narrow, acutangu- larly merging with fastigium of vertex. Median carina of pronotum hardly traceable ; metazona one fourth of length of prozona, its posterior margin in middle deeply, roundly incurved. Prosternal process short with subacute apex. Protruding part of elytron longer than its width. Tympanal organ small, open. Last abdominal tergite large, its posterior margin shallowly trilobate. Supra-anal plate small, narrow, shorter than cerci, with obtuse apex ; cercus compressed, widened in basal part, slightly incurved and downcurved in apical part, apex acute ; subgenital plate slightly compressed, in profile almost square. Phallic complex : valves of cingulum large ; valves of penis straight ; basal valve widened, apical valve straight, slender. Epiphallus with very large bridge and moderately large anterior projections ; lophi shorter than bridge, comparatively narrow, with large hooks ; dorso-lateral appendices short, with excurved, club-like apices. General coloration brownish-ochraceous ; elytron red, its anterior external part black ; ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 71 crescent of hind knee brown ; hind tibia with lower side greenish, upper side brownish ; spines ochraceous, with brown apices. Female unknown. Length of body 28-0 ; pronotum 4-0 ; hind femur 14-0 mm. Only male type is known. Type locality : S.E. Madagascar, Vohimarina, Tongolory, Tulear. Type in British Museum (Natural History). FIG. ii. Caprorhinus rostratus Uvarov, 1929. o* type, i, head from above. 2, meso- and metasternum. 3, end of abdomen, lateral view. 4, the same, from above. 5, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 6, the same, lateral view. 7, penis and spermatophore sac. 8, epiphallus. Caprorhinus fusiformis Saussure, 1899 (Text-fig. 12) o* Type. (Redescription.) Comparatively large. Integument rugose. Fastigium of vertex twice as long as its width in middle, its sides at base moderately excurved, sides of its apical two thirds parallel, apex parabolic ; upper, compressed part of frontal ridge moderately high, angularly merging with fastigium of vertex. Median carina of pronotum hardly traceable ; metazona less than half length of prozona, its posterior margin widely and very slightly incurved. Prosternal process with subacute apex. Protruding part of elytron slightly wider than its length, rounded. Tympanal organ small, open. Last abdominal tergite large, its posterior margin shallowly bilobate, shallowly incurved in middle ; supra-anal plate small, angular, shorter than cerci ; cercus compressed, with comparatively wide basal part, tapering towards apex, strongly incurved and slightly downcurved at apical part, apex obtuse. Subgenital plate with lateral, ridge-like formation ending in upper part with small tubercle. 72 V. M. DIRSH Phallic complex : valves of cingulum comparatively large ; penis valves angularly curved in middle ; basal valve widened and slightly excurved ; apical valve curved and comparatively robust. Epiphallus with comparatively wide bridge, and large almost square anterior projec- tions ; lophi wide, short, with large hooks ; dorso-lateral appendices short, robust, curved, with club-like apices. General coloration brownish (specimen discoloured by previous preservation in spirit) ; basal external part of elytron black, rest of elytron probably was red ; internal and external crescents of hind knee blackish. Length of body 28-0 ; pronotum 5-5 ; elytron i-i ; hind femur 15-2 mm. " Madagascar ". Only the type is known. It was believed that the type of this species was lost, but it has been discovered by Dr. D. Keith McE. Kevan (1962) in the Paris Museum. FIG. 12. Caprorhinus fusiformis Saussure, 1899. <$ type, i, head from above. 2, meso- and metasternum. 3, end of abdomen, lateral view. 4, the same, from above. 5, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 6, the same, lateral view. 7, penis and spermatophore sac. 8, epiphallus. Caprorhinus minor Uvarov, 1929 (Text-fig. 13) cJ Type. (Redescription.) Comparatively small. Integument finely rugose. Fastigium of vertex three times as long as its width in middle, its sides at basal third moderately excurved, in apical two thirds slightly convergent, apex angular. Upper, compressed part of frontal ridge narrow, acutangularly merging with fastigium of vertex and slightly excised in apical part. Median carina of pronotum weak. Metazona less than one third length of prozona, its posterior margin slightly incurved. Prosternal process with subacute apex. Protruding part of elytron wider than its length. Tympanal organ small, open. Last abdominal tergite large, its posterior margin bilobate, deeply incurved in middle ; supra-anal plate small, shorter than ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 73 cerci, with apex sinuate ; cercus compressed, widened in basal part, narrowed towards apex, slightly incurved and downcurved in apical part, apex subacute ; subgenital plate with lateral, ridge-like formation. Phallic complex : valves of cingulum large ; valves of penis straight ; basal valve widened and excurved ; apical valve straight and slender. Epiphallus with large bridge, weakly sclerotized in middle and large, narrow, incurved anterior projections ; lophi fused to bridge, with large, narrow hooks ; dorso-lateral appendices short, narrow, with large, club shaped apices. General coloration olive-brown ; head, pronotum, meso-metanotum and first abdominal tergite above with ochraceous stripe ; face ochraceous ; ochraceous stripe running from eye, through lower part of lateral lobe of pronotum, up to base of hind femur ; elytron red, its anterior external part black ; crescent of hind knee blackish on both sides ; hind tibia with lower side olive-green, upper side brownish ; spines ochraceous, with brown apices. $. Larger than male. Integument more rugose. Antenna 21 -segmented. Metanotum and first abdominal tergite inflated ; projection on first abdominal tergite comparatively small, with rounded apex. Tympanal organ vestigial. Valves of ovipositor short, robust, with acute apices ; upper external margin of upper valve roughly serrated. Spermatheca vermicular, with single diverticulum. General coloration olive-brown or greenish. In other respects as the male. Length of body 24-0, $ 30-0-34-0 ; pronotum <$ 3-5, $ 4-6-5-0 ; hind femur Q* 12-5, ? I--I-6 mm. FIG. 13. Caprorhinus minor Uvarov, 1929. Q type, i, head from above. 2, meso- and metasternum. 3, end of abdomen, from above. 4, the same, lateral view. 5, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 6, the same, lateral view. 7, penis and spermatophore sac. 8, epiphallus. 9, spermatheca. 74 V. M. DIRSH Type locality : S.E. Madagascar, Vohimarina, Tongolory, Tulwar. Type in British Museum (Natural History). Madagascar Quest : Morondava, foret sud de Befasy, 1.1956, i ^, 3 $ (R. Pauliari). Madagascar Sud : Tranoroa, 2 $ (R. Pauliari). Caprorhinus squamipennis Bruner, 1910 (Text-fig. 14) o* Type. (Redescription.) Small. Integument finely rugose. Antenna iS-segmented, much longer than head and pronotum together. Fastigium of vertex twice as long as its width in middle, its sides in basal part slightly excurved, in apical part almost parallel, apex parabolic ; upper, compressed part of frontal ridge excurved, at apex angularly merging with fastigium of vertex. Median carina of pronotum hardly traceable ; metazona about one third of length of prozona, its posterior margin slightly incurved, almost straight. Prosternal process with obtuse apex. Protruding part of elytron about twice as long as its width. Tympanal organ vestigial. Last abdominal tergite large, shallowly bilobate. Supra-anal plate small, parabolic, shorter than cerci ; cercus comparatively slender, slightly widened in basal part, in apical part slightly incurved and downcurved ; subgenital plate, in profile, with rounded apex and ridge- like fold, ending in upper part with small tubercle. General coloration olive-brown ; ochraceous stripe on lower half of lateral lobe of pronotum up to base of hind femur ; similar stripe running along middle of head, pronotum and up to second abdominal tergite ; elytron bright red, with basal external side black, hind knee brownish ; hind tibia olive-green. $. Larger than male. Fastigium of vertex relatively shorter. Elytron only slightly protruding under pronotum. Metanotum and first abdominal tergite slightly inflated ; pro- jection on first abdominal tergite with rounded apex. Ovipositor short, robust, valves with acute, curved apices ; external upper margin of upper valve roughly serrated. Subgenital plate slightly trilobate, with angular median and wide, slightly excurved lateral lobes. In other respects as the male. Length of body 6-0-6-5 ; hind femur <$ n-o, $ 15-0- 16-5 mm. (Male measurements according to Saussure.) When describing the female and male Geloius nasutus, Saussure did not designate the type. He described the female first and the male second, and also remarked that the male may not be conspecific with the female. At present only the female specimen remains in Geneva Museum ; the male is absent and probably lost. No other male of this species has been recorded since. FIG. 23. Geloius nasutus Saussure, 1899. Female, i, head, lateral view. 2, the same, from above. 3, antenna. 4, meso- and metasternum. 5, end of abdomen. 6, sub- genital plate. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 91 Here the female specimen is designated as the lectotype. It is preserved in Geneva Museum and was examined by me. Type locality is " Madagascar ". Madagascar Quest : Morondava, Foret Sud de Befasy, 1.1950, i $ (R. Paulian). Station Agric. Bas Mangoky, i $. Madagascar Sud : Sept. -Lacs, 100 m. Tulear, 14.11.1955, i $ (P. Griveaud). Geloius crassicornis I. Bolivar, 1905 (Text-fig. 24) 9 Type. Large. Integument strongly rugose. Antenna strongly widened, 15-segmented. Fastigium of vertex long, narrow, with sides at basal part strongly excurved, carinula of vertex strong ; frontal ridge strongly protruding between antennae ; frontal process of head long and narrow, its apex with deep incision. Ocelli hardly traceable. Pronotum strongly tuber- culate and rugose, its posterior margin truncate ; lateral lobes with rounded angles. Meta- sternal interspace X-shaped, with disconnected foveolae. Elytra elongate, scale-like. Abdomen rugose. Anterior femur strongly rugose. Hind femur moderately narrow ; external medial area with feather-like pattern ; lower lobe of hind knee protruding, with rounded apex. Supra-anal plate elongate angular with transverse suture in middle ; cercus short, conical ; subgenital plate trilobate, with short, widely rounded lateral lobes and short, angular middle lobe. Valves of ovipositor moderately long ; upper valve, in profile, narrow, its upper margin straight and not serrated ; lower valve with small lateral projection. General coloration of all parts of the body brownish. Male unknown. Length of body 35-0 ; pronotum 5-0 ; hind femur 12-3 mm. (The measurements were checked on the type.) FIG. 24. Geloius crassicornis I. Bolivar, 1905. $ type, i, head, lateral view. 2, the same, from above. 3, antenna. 4, meso- and metasternum. 5, end of abdomen. 6, subgenital plate. 92 V. M. DIRSH Only the type of this species is known and was studied by me. The specimen is shrunk, having been pinned after preservation in spirit, but is otherwise intact. This species is very near to Geloius nasutus Saussure, but differs in the structure of the ovipositor and subgenital plate (Text-figs. 23, 24). The type specimen, a female, is in the Paris Museum, with locality label " Madagascar, Grandidier ". Geloius^decorsei I. Bolivar, 1905 This species was described from a male and a female from " Ambovombe, Madagascar (Dr. Decorse) 1901 ". Although according to the original description both specimens were deposited in the Paris Museum, they could not be found either there or in any other European Museum with which I. Bolivar had had connection. Most probably they are lost. As this species is known now only by the description, I. Bolivar's diagnosis is cited below : " Terrens ochraceus, rugosus. Capite supra inter oculos rugis auriculatis retrorsum in carinas productis ; fastigium medio subcoarctatum antice rotundatum a latere visum oculo vis longius ; ocelli perspicui minuti ; frons arcuato-sinuata. Pronotum rugulosum impresso- punctatum punctis nigris in <$ praeditum. Femora postica intus extusque fascia arcuata nigra geniculari. Abdomen in longitudinem costulatum, punctis stigmaticis nigris. $ $. Long. corp. $ 21 ; pron. 2-8 ; fern. post. 8-5 mill. ,, - 5 ; ,, 5 ; ,, ,, 13 mill." PSEUDOGELOIUS gen. n. Body large, elongated, cylindrical. Integument rugose. Antenna shorter than head and pronotum together, in basal part triangular in cross section, widened, segments bead-like, separated, apical segment at apex slightly bilobate. Fastigium of vertex elongated, angular, forming large process with upper, frontal part of head ; fastigial areolae poorly developed, frontal ridge in upper part lamelliformly compressed and projecting, in lower part low, sulcate on whole length, lateral carinulae low, obtuse ; frons in profile strongly incurved ; compound eyes small, strongly convex, slightly oval ; ocelli vestigial ; head above with linear median carinula. Pronotum cylindrical ; median carina weak, linear ; lateral carinae hardly traceable as irregular wrinkles ; two sulci crossing dorsum ; metazona much shorter than prozona, with straight posterior margin, not covering mesonotum. Prosternal process short, almost square, with rounded apex and slightly raised anterior margin. Metasternal interspace distant from mesosternal one. Elytra, wings and tympanal organ absent. Anterior and middle legs short. Hind femur moderately narrow, compressed. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Arolium large. End of male abdomen inflated ; last abdominal tergite very large, inflated, its posterior margin incised and bilobate in middle ; supra-anal plate small, narrow angular, shorter than cerci ; cercus very large, incurved, basal part wide, apical part compressed and strongly widened, forming at lower apical part an attenuate angular projection and in upper part a very large, inverse axe-shaped projection ; subgenital plate short, subconical with obtuse apex. Female supra-anal plate angular, with obtuse apex ; cercus simple, short, compressed, angular ; subgenital plate trilobate, with angular lobes ; ovipositor moderately slender, with valves curved at apices. Phallic complex : large, with dorsal part of ectophallic membrane and additional lateral lobes projecting upwards ; valves of cingulum large, complicatedly shaped, forming three lobes ; valves of penis curved ; basal valve strongly widened, forming large lateral projection ; apical ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 93 valve slender, with acute apex. Epiphallus : bridge very large, almost square, poorly sclerotized disc merging with bridge ; lophi fused with the disc, with strong apical hooks ; dorso-lateral appendices slender, shorter than the disc, with curved, acute apices. Spermatheca with single, sac-like, but rather slender diverticulum. FIG. 25. Pseudogeloius relictus sp. n. type, i, male. 2, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and part of ectophallic membrane removed ; L, lateral lobes of ectophallic membranes. 3, the same, lateral view. 4, phallic complex from above, with whole ectophallic membrane removed. 5, the same, lateral view. 6, penis and spermato- phore sac. 7, epiphallus ; M, thicker membraneous part ; m, thinner membraneous part. 8, female subgenital plate. 9, spermatheca. Type species : Pseudogeloius relictus sp. n. Pseudogeloius is superficially very similar to the genus Geloius. It differs, how- ever, very much by the structure of the last abdominal tergite in the male, by the peculiar structure of the male cercus, by the structure of the phallic complex and by the absence of teeth on the male anterior femora. According to its general appearance it seems that the new genus ought to be referred to the Geloius Group in which it is placed tentatively. Other characters mentioned above, however, are so strikingly different that it is possible that they 94 V. M. DIRSH are not related at all. There is a possibility that similarities in general appearance of the two genera are due to convergence. Pseudogeloius relictus sp. n. (Text-figs. 25, 26) cJ Type. Antenna i6-segmented. Fastigium of vertex angular, in profile angularly pro- truding, its sides in basal part excurved, fastigial suture long ; frontal ridge roundly protruding between antennae. Lateral lobes of pronotum longer than its height, with rounded angles. Mesosternal interspace longer than its width, its sides strongly incurved, lateral foveolae long and deep. Metasternal interspace forming X-shaped pattern. Abdomen rugose. Medial area of external side of hind femur forming rhomboidal pattern. Lower lobes of hind knee narrowed towards rounded apex. General coloration brownish, with scattered small, brown spots ; external side of hind femur with irregular black pattern ; hind tibia brownish. Spiracles each surrounded by a black spot. $. Paratype. Much larger than the male. Antenna 15-segmented and more widened. Valves of ovipositor with acute curved apices ; external upper margin of upper valve serrated. FIG. 26. Pseudogeloius relictus sp. n. i, female head, lateral view. 2, male head from above. 3, female antenna. 4, meso- and metasternum, female. 5, the same, male. 6, end of abdomen, from above. 7, the same, lateral view. 8, male cercus, lateral and slightly posterior view. 9, female end of abdomen. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 95 Coloration uniform brown ; internal side of hind femur ochraceous ; external side as whole body ; hind knee brown ; upper side of hind tibia ochraceous, lower side blackish. In other respects as the male. Length of body <$ 25-0-26-5, ? 39-0-46-5 ; pronotum <$ 3-6-3-9, $ 5-6-5-8 ; hind femur <$ 10-4-10-5, $ 14-5-15-0 mm. Madagascar Est : Perinet, 11.1938, 2 $ (including type), 2 $ (Paratypes) (A. Seyrig). La Dakoa, i $ (Paratype) (R. P. Cattala). Type and two female paratypes are in the Paris Museum. One male and one female paratypes are in the British Museum (Natural History). SCHULTHESSIA I. Bolivar, 1905 From small to medium size. Body moderately ensiform. Integument rugose. Antenna thick, filiform, slightly compressed in basal part, shorter than head and pronotum together, their bases located in front of lateral ocelli. Head acutely conical, with a row of large, postocular tubercles ; fastigium of vertex elongated, angular ; apical fastigial areolae poorly developed ; frons strongly oblique, incurved ; frontal ridge low, narrow, shallowly sulcate. Oculus twice longer than its width ; ocelli of medium size. Pronotum elongate, widening backwards, dorsum narrow, flattened, crossed by two sulci ; median carina linear ; lateral carinae weak, present in prozona only ; metazona shorter than prozona, its posterior margin obtusangular ; lateral lobes of pronotum diverging from dorsum, lower margin straight, oblique, with a row of tubercles, posterior angles acute. Prosternal process cuneiform, its anterior surface concave. Mesosternal interspace wider than its length ; metasternal interspace transverse, distant from mesosternal. Elytra and wings fully developed, exceeding end of abdomen ; elytron narrow, tapering towards acute apex ; venation and reticulation dense. Tympanal organ fully developed. Coxa of middle leg on external side with two tubercles ; coxa of hind leg with one tubercle ; external, lower marginal area of hind femur widened and strongly displaced ventrally to medial area ; lower lobes of hind knee much shorter than upper ones ; hind tibia of normal shape ; external apical spine present ; hind tarsus slender, elongated. Arolium large. Male supra-anal plate elongate, angular ; cercus short, conical ; slightly upcurved subgenital plate conical, with obtuse apex. Ovipositor moderately slender, with curved valves ; subgenital plate trilobate. Phallic complex : Cingulum elongate ; valve of cingulum short ; basal valve of penis strongly widened and downcurved ; apical valve wide with large dorsal appendix ; sperma- tophore sac large. Epiphallus with moderately long bridge ; lophi short, wide, with large hooks ; dorso-lateral appendices large, club-like, widened at apex. Spermatheca with long, strongly twisted diverticulum, with numerous pockets. Type species : Schulthessia biplagiata I. Bolivar, 1905. This genus, according to the position of the antennae and the shape of the lower external area of hind femur, belongs to the same group as Atractomorpha. However, the phallic complex has a very different structure (Text-figs. 27, 28) which makes their close relationship rather unlikely. Possibly their external characters are convergent. Schulthessia biplagiata I. Bolivar, 1905 (Text-fig. 27) <$. Small. Antenna i5-segmented. Fastigium of vertex narrow angular, with parabolic apex ; fastigial furrow short ; carinulae of frontal ridge low, obtuse ; head above with longitu- dinal wrinkles. Dorsum of pronotum with longitudinal wrinkles and a few small tubercles, a 9 6 V. M. DIRSH pair of them in front of the first sulcus ; posterior margin of lateral lobe shallowly excised, posterior angle subacute ; episternum with angular apex and serrated anterior margin, lower lobes of hind knee angular. Last abdominal tergite with rounded excision. Supra-anal plate longer than cerci. FIG. 27. Schulthessia biplagiata I. Bolivar, 1905. i, female. 2, head from above, female 3, the same, male. 4, meso- and metasternum, female. 5, the same, male. 6, end of abdomen from above, male. 7, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 9, penis and spermatophore sac. 10, epiphallus. n, spermatheca. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 97 General coloration green or brownish ; internal side of third basal antennal segment with blackish or brown spot ; postocular and marginal rows of tubercles of lateral lobe of pronotum ochraceous ; lower edge of lateral lobe of pronotum red ; elytra and external side of hind femur with a few small, scattered reddish or brown spots ; hind wing raspberry -red ; hind tibia green. $. As the male, but larger, with body more fusiform. Antenna i6-segmented. Length of body $ 20-0-22-2, $30-3-37-4 ; pronotum $ 4-0-4-3, $ 7-2-8-5 ; elytron Q* i5-2-i7'3, ? 23-7-28-0 ; hind femur <$ 10-0-11-0, $ 15-5-17-0 mm. This species is variable in body size and general coloration Madagascar Nord : Nosy Komba, xi.i956, i $ (G.R.) ; Montagne d'Ambre, Les Roussettes 1,100 m. xi-xii.i958, i $ (A. Robinson). Madagascar Nord-Ouest : Ampijoroa, Tsaramandroso, 2 $. Madagascar Nord-Est : He Sainte-Marie, He aux Nattes, in. 1960, i $ (A . Robinson) . He Sainte-Marie, Antanandava, iii.i96o, 3 <$, 2 $ (A. Robinson). Madagascar Est : Ambila Lemaitso, 111.1951, i $, a $ (A. Robinson). ATRACTOMORPHA Saussure, 1861 Perena Walker, 1870 : 506 ; I. Bolivar, 1905 : 196. Small or medium size. Integument finely rugose. Antennae slightly compressed, shorter than head and pronotum together, their bases located in front of lateral ocelli. Head narrow, acutely conical, with a row of postocular tubercles ; fastigium of vertex elongated, flat, horizontal or slightly upcurved, with parabolic or angular apex ; fastigial areolae poorly developed ; frons strongly oblique, incurved ; frontal ridge narrow and low, shallowly sulcate, with obtuse lateral carinulae. Pronotum elongated, subcylindrical, slightly widening back- wards ; dorsum slightly flattened, crossed by three fine sulci ; median and lateral carinae weak ; metazona much shorter than prozona, its posterior margin widely obtusangular, almost rounded ; lateral lobe with a row of lower marginal tubercles. Prosternal process cuneiform. Mesosternal interspace wider than its length, distant from metasternal interspace, which is transverse. Elytra and wings fully developed ; apex of elytron acutely attenuate. Tympanal organ well developed. Hind femur narrow, with external lower marginal area narrow, displaced ventrally to external medial area ; lower lobes of hind knee much shorter than upper ones. Male subgenital plate short, with rounded apex. Ovipositor moderately long and moderately robust, with valves curved at apices ; upper external margin of upper valve roughly serrated ; lower valve with external, lateral projection. Epiphallus with very long bridge widening in posterior part ; lophi represent widened part of bridge and are completely fused with it. Type species : Truxalis crenulatus Fabricius, 1793. Atractomorpha acutipennis (Gue'rin-Me'neville, 1844) (Text-fig. 28) Truxalis (Pyrgomorpha) acutipennis Gu6rin-M6neville, 1844 : 340. Atractomorpha gerstaeckeri I. Bolivar, 1844 : 66 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 183. Atractomorpha aurivillii I. Bolivar, 1844 : 67 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 183. Atractomorpha congensis Saussure, 1893 : 581 (nom. nud.) ; Kevan, 1960 : 40. Atractomorpha hova Saussure, 1899 : 640 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 182. P[yrgomorpha~] madagascariensis Blanchard ; I. Bolivar, 1905 : 209 (nom. nud.) Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 183. Atractomorpha madacassis Bruner, 1910 : 628 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 183. Atractomorpha acutipennis (Gu6rin-M6neville, 1844) ; Kirby, 1910 : 332. Atractomorpha brevis Uvarov, 1938 : 274, 280 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 184. 9 8 V. M. DIRSH Atractomorpha externa Bey-Bienko, 1949 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 184. Atractomorpha acutipennis gerstaeckeri I. Bolivar, 1884 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 183, syn. n. Atractomorpha acutipennis brevis Uvarov, 1938 ; Banerjee & Kevan, 1960 : 184, syn. n. (J. Antenna 16 or ly-segmented. Eyes elongated oval ; ocelli large. Pronotum tubercu- late, particularly along weak lateral carinae ; posterior margin of lateral lobe deeply and widely excised ; posterior angle acute ; episternum with angular apex and serrated anterior margin. FIG. 28. Atractomorpha acutipennis (Guerin-Meneville, 1844). i, male. 2, head of female, lateral view. 3, head of male from above. 4, meso- and metasternum, female. 5, the same, male. 6, end of male abdomen, lateral view. 7, the same, from above. 8, phallic complex from above, epiphallus and ectophallic membrane removed. 9, the same, lateral view. 10, penis and spermatophore sac. n, epiphallus. 12, end of female abdomen, lateral view. 13, the same, from below. 14, spermatheca. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR gg Lower lobes of hind knee angular. Last abdominal tergite in middle with rounded excision. Supra-anal plate longer than cerci. Phallic complex : cingulum pear-shaped, with considerably widened basal part ; valve of cingulum short ; valves of penis curved ; basal valve strongly widened ; apical valve slender, upcurved. Spermatophore sac very large. Epiphallus with bridge slender in anterior and strongly widened in posterior part. General coloration uniformly green or brownish ; hind wing in basal part pink. $. Larger than the male ; body less slender. Antenna i6-segmented. Subgenital plate with trilobate apex and two pairs of rows of small, lateral tubercles. Spermatheca with two long vermicular diverticula. In other respects as the male. Length of bodyo* i9'O-25-o, $ 28-0-39-8 ; pronotumo* 4-0-5-1, 9 6-2-9-0 ; elytron^ 18-6-24-0, $ 24-0-35-2 ; hind femur <$ 8-7-10-9, $ 13-3-1 7-0 mm. (The measurements are based on Madagascar material only.) Banerjee and Kevan (1960) made a preliminary revision of the genus Atractomorpha and established the synonymy of its species. They recognized three subspecies of Atractomorpha acutipennis (Gue"rin), namely A. acutipennis acutipennis (Gue"rin) confined to Madagascar only, A. acutipennis gerstaeckeri I. Bolivar distributed in Central Africa and Comoro Is., and A. acutipennis brevis Uvarov distributed in Sudan, Ethiopia, S.W. Arabia, Persia and Afghanistan. However, when a large amount of material of all three subspecies was studied, it was found that the series of specimens of every subspecies fits very well into the series of any other subspecies, and if the locality labels were ignored, it would not be possible to divide them into subspecies. The only solution at this stage of our knowledge of the genus Atracto- morpha is to disregard these subspecies. It is well known, and has been repeated in the literature, that a greater range of variability of the species of Atractomorpha exists. In the case of A. acutipennis the variability manifests itself in size and slenderness of body, length and degree of acuteness of elytra, and in length and partly in shape of the fastigium of the vertex. The membranous area near the posterior margin of the lateral lobe of the pronotum, mentioned by Banerjee and Kevan (1960) as a specific character, is also variable and in many specimens is not detectable. Madagascar Nord-Ouest : Sitampiky, vii.i947, i <$ (J.D.) ; Ampijoroa, Tsaramandropo, 2 $. Madagascar Quest : Ankavandra, vii.1949, i <$ (R. Paulian). Madagascar Nord-Est : He Sainte-Marie, Ambatoroa, v.1959, i $ (Razafimandimby). Madagascar Centre : dct. de Miarinarive, Fidasiana, viii.igsS, i 9, (A. Robinson) ; Tananarive, Tsimbazaza, i $, 2 $. Madagascar Sud-Ouest : Lambomakandro, 500 m., Tulwar, vii.1957, i < (A. Robinson) ; Tongobory, Sept-Lacs, i <$ (A. Robinson). Madagascar Est : Pe"rinet (Sahamaloto) 13-17.1.1949, i $ ; Station Agricole, Brickaville, i #, 2 $ ; Fampanambo, 25 m., dct. Maroantsetra, 111.1958, i #, 2 $ (Soga, Raharisonima) . loo V. M. DIRSH UHAGONIA I. Bolivar, 1905 Of medium size. Body strongly fusiform. Integument finely granulose. Antenna filiform, much shorter than head and pronotum together, located in front of lateral ocelli. Head acutely conical ; fastigium of vertex angular ; frons oblique, straight ; frontal ridge below antennae almost obliterated ; between and in front of antennae projecting forwards, with tuberculate lateral carinulae and protruding apex ending with tubercle ; in front, before merging with fastigium of vertex, it forms deep excision ; compound eyes small ; ocelli hardly detectable. Pronotum subcylindrical, widening backwards, median carina weak ; dorsum crossed by three sulci ; metazona about one third of length of prozona, its posterior margin straight or slightly incurved. Prosternal process collar-like, or tongue-like, projecting in middle. Mesosternal interspace short and wide ; metasternal interspace very wide, slit-like, distant from mesosternal one. Elytra strongly reduced or absent ; tympanal organ absent. Anterior and middle femora on external side slightly tuberculate ; hind femur with very narrow upper external area ; lower external area widened and displaced ventrally to medial area. External apical spine of hind tibia present ; hind tarsus elongated, slender. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate elongate angular, with transverse median sulcus ; cercus compressed, short, angular ; ovipositor elongated, slender ; valves straight, slightly curved at apices ; subgenital plate in middle with narrow angular projection. Type species : Uhagonia sphenarioides I. Bolivar, 1905. KEY TO SPECIES 1 (2) Strongly reduced elytra present, wings absent. Fastigium of vertex about twice as long as longest diameter of eye . . . sphenarioides I. Bolivar 2 (i) Elytra and wings absent. Fastigium of vertex as long as longest diameter of eye .......... depressa sp. n. FIG. 29. Uhagonia depressa sp. n. $ type, i, female. 2, head and pronotum from above 3, meso- and metasternum. 4, end of abdomen. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 101 Uhagonia sphenarioides I. Bolivar, 1905 $. Type. (Redescription.) Body fusiform. Antenna 13 -segmented. Fastigium of vertex acutely angular, about twice as long as longest diameter of eye ; fastigial furrow long ; carinula of vertex hardly detectable. Posterior margin of metazona of pronotum almost straight, with small incision in middle ; lateral lobe of pronotum longer than its height, lower margin straight, oblique. Elytra strongly reduced, reaching middle of metanotum, of oval form, with lateral margins inflated and with oval, bladder-like inflation in middle ; venation obliterated ; wings absent. Upper carina of hind femur roughly serrated. Ovipositor long and slender ; external margin of upper valve irregularly serrated. General coloration probably greenish (the specimen is discoloured by previous preservation in liquid) ; margins of elytron blackish, middle inflation brown. Length of body 42-0 ; pronotum 7-8 ; elytron 1-8 ; hind femur 18-0. Type locality : Madagascar. Type in the Vienna Museum. Uhagonia depressa sp. n. (Text-fig. 29) $ Type. Antenna 13-segmented. Fastigium of vertex strongly granulose, as long as longest diameter of eye ; carinula of vertex present. Lateral lobe of pronotum longer than its height, lower margin oblique. Mesosternal interspace about three times as wide as its length. Elytra and wings absent. Upper carina of hind femur serrated. Upper external margin of upper valve of ovipositor roughly serrated. General coloration uniformly light olive-green ; apical two thirds of hind tibia and tarsus bright red. Male unknown. Length of body, 30-5 ; pronotum 6-7 ; hind femur 15-2 mm. Madagascar Est : Dct. Sambava, R.N. xii, Marojejy, Ambatosoratra 1,700 m., xi.igGo, i $, type (P. Soga). Type in Paris Museum. LIST OF SPECIES RECORDED FROM MADAGASCAR BUT NOT FOUND IN THE MATERIAL STUDIED Phymateus morbillosus (Linnaeus, 1758) There is only one record for this African species from Madagascar by Walker, 1870. Probably it is the result of a misidentification, as Ph. morbillosus has never since been recorded from Madagascar. The record should probably be referred to Phymateus saxosus Coq. Rutidoderes squarrosus (Linnaeus, 1771) Walker's (1870) record for this species from Madagascar is also likely to be a result of misidentification. The species has never been recorded since. The record probably ought to be referred to Phymateus madegassus Karsch. Zonocerus hova Saussure, 1899 This species is a synonym of Zonocerus elegans (Thunberg, 1815), and was erroneously recorded from Madagascar (see Dirsh, 1961). 102 V. M. DIRSH Buyssoniella madecassa I. Bolivar, 1905 This genus and species was described from Madagascar and placed by I. Bolivar in the subfamily Atractomorphinae. Since his description it has never been recorded again and the type is lost. The description is so inadequate that it is not possible to decide the real identity of the genus and species or its interrelation with other genera and species, except that it belongs to the " group Atractomorphae ". ADDENDUM Ixalidium haematoscelis Gerstaecker, 1869 This species of the subfamily Catantopinae, described and many times recorded from East Africa, was recorded from Madagascar by Bruner, 1910. Most probably the record is erroneous and ought to be referred to one of the genera and species near the genus Serpusilla. ACKNOWLEGEMENT. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor D. Keith McE. Kevan for reading the manuscript, for valuable comments and for helping to locate the types of Uhagonia sphenarioides and Phymateus saxosus. ADDITIONAL LIST OF REFERENCES BANERJEE, S. K. & KEVAN, D. K. McE. 1960. A preliminary revision of the genus Atracto morpha Saussure, 1862. Treubia 25, 2 : 165-189, figs. 1-44. BEY-BIENKO, G. J. 1949. Reports A cad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 67 : 173, i fig. BOLIVAR, I. 1884. Monographia de los Pirgomorfinos. An. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 13 : 1-73, 420-500, pi. 1-4. - 1903. El genero Phymateus Thunb., Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 3 : 188-93. - 1904-1905. Notas Sobre los Pirgomorfinos. Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 1904, 4 : 89-111, 306-26, 393-418, 432-59. 1905, 5 : 105-15, 196-217, 278-89, 298-307. 1909. Pyrgomorphinae. Genera Insectorum. 90 : 1-58, pi. i. - 1910. Nuevo Locustido de la India, perjudicial a la Agricultura. Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 10 : 319-22. COQUEREL, C. 1861. Orthopteres de Bourbon et de Madagascar. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 1 : 495-5. pl- 9, 1. DIRSH, V. M. 1962. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. I Acrididae (except Acridinae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entom. 12 : 273-350, 40 figs. - 1962. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. II Acrididae, Acridinae. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.}, Entom. 13 : 243-286, 21 figs. FABRICIUS, J. C. 1793. Entomologia Systematica 2 : 1-62. GUERIN-MENEVILLE, F. E. 1844. Iconographie du regne animal de G. Cuvier, 7 : 326-43, pis. 52-54. Paris. KARSCH, F. 1888. Beitrage zu Ignacio Bolivar's Monographia de los Pirgomorfinos. Ent. Nachr. 14 : 328-35, 340-6, 355-61. KEVAN, D. KEITH McE. 1960. See Banerjee and Kevan. - 1960. On the identity of Minorissa alata Thomas, 1874, and Atractomorpha congensis Saussure, 1893 (Nomen nudum) (Orthoptera : Pyrgomorphidae] . Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc. 55, 2 : 36-41. ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 103 SAUSSURE, H. 1861. Etudes sur quelques Orthopteres du Muse"e de Geneve nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 1 : 469-94, pis. n, 12. - 1893. In RILEY, C. V., Scientific results of the U.S. Eclipse Expedition to West Africa 1889-90. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 579-82. UVAROV, B. P. 1929. Three new grasshoppers of the genus Caprorhinus Saussure, from Madagascar. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 4 : 284-7. UVAROV, B. P. & TEWFIK, M. 1938. A List of Orthoptera from South Arabia. Bull. Soc. Royale ent. d'Egypte. 1937 : 271-83, figs. 4. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED LONDON SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS (SIPHONAPTERA : HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE) F. G. A. M. SMIT BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. 3 LONDON : 1963 SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS (SIPHONAPTERA : HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE) BY F. G. A. M. SMIT , i British Museum (Natural History) Pp. 105-152 ; Plates 1-58 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. 3 LONDON: 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 14, No. 3 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum, 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued 8th November, 1963 Price Two Pounds SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS (SIPHONAPTERA : HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE) By F. G. A. M. SMIT CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .......... 107 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 109 CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE . . . . . . no CTENOPHTHALMUS Kolenati . . . . . . . . 118 AGYRTES-group ......... 119 NIVALIS-group 123 ASSI MI US-group 127 PARCUS-group ......... 131 DUX-group .......... 132 DOLICH US-group 133 DILATATUS -group ......... 134 SPALACIS-group 134 CAUCASICUS-group 135 FISSURUS-group 136 #r77G/-group 137 TRIODONTUS-group 138 PARTICULARIS-group 139 PSf/^GY/?TS-group 140 MOtf/lTt/S-group ......... 141 ^TOMC/S-group ......... 142 EVIDENS-group ......... 142 C/lLC,4TJ7S-group 143 t/MCS-group ......... 144 EXIMIUS -group . . . . . . . . .145 UNGROUPABLE ETHIOPIAN SPECIES ...... 146 LIST OF SYNONYMS AND NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES .... 146 INDEX ............ 149 SYNOPSIS The genus Ctenophthalmus is divided into 20 species-groups (with 19 subgroups) which are denned and the species listed under each ; a list of synonyms and other nomenclatural changes is also given. INTRODUCTION Ctenophthalmus Kolenati, 1856, containing some 170 species and subspecies (81 monotypic and 22 polytypic species) or nearly 10 per cent of all known fleas, is the largest genus of Siphonaptera. It would, therefore, be desirable to divide the genus into smaller units in order to group the various taxa phylogenetically and to facilitate identification of the species. In 1940, when the number of described forms was 94, Wagner (Z. Parasitenk. n : 593-606) divided Ctenophthalmus into five genera (one consisting of two subgenera) on the study of the then known 46 Palaearctic species (30 monotypic and 16 polytypic) only. Smit (1953, Entomologist, 86 : 21) remarked io8 F. G. A. M. SMIT that " Since it is preferable to stress the relationships of all members of this group, and considering the characters used by Wagner for the division, it would be better to regard his proposed genera as subgenera ; in this category they will serve a useful purpose because the number of species contained in the genus Ctenophthalmus s. 1. is so large that subdivision of the genus is most desirable on grounds of con- venience ". Wagner's generic concepts have been generally accepted in the sense of subgenera. Russian authors (e.g. loff & Scalon, 1954, Fleas of Eastern Siberia : 105) also state that Wagner's genera should at most be given subgeneric rank, although loff & Scalon (op. cit.) (and loff & Tiflov, 1954, Key to Aphaniptera ofS.E. U.S.S.R. : 87) refer to the subgeneric names as those of groups. I had tried to continue where Wagner left off, assuming that it would be feasible to erect some more subgenera for the species which Wagner had not dealt with or which had not been described at the time, but all I have been able to do is to form 20 species-groups (with 19 subgroups) which presumably represent phylogenetic units ; n Ethiopian species are left as an ungroupable residue. The neutral term " group " is used to indicate a number of related taxonomic units or a single species which is markedly different from other species ; it does not refer to a formal category and has therefore no nomenclatural significance. One could of course regard these species-groups as subgenera, but my objections to this are that (a) with the constant discovery of new species a number of the groups, as defined below, may have to be altered to a greater or lesser degree ; (b) by assigning a subgeneric name and a type-species to a unit, one fixes its status more firmly than by referring to it as a species-group ; any alteration in the concepts of units, if used as subgenera, may give rise to nomenclatural difficulties ; (c) ideally the members of a subgenus should form a " natural " group, but we know as yet too little about the various species to ascertain that the units conform to this requirement. To define units within a large genus like Ctenophthalmus is not easy, for one has to decide what actually constitutes a character of fundamental phylogenetic impor- tance. As various characters may come into that category, the question is which to regard as being of prime importance. To base a division on one character only is obviously inadvisable, for one could arrive at three quite different units by using characters A, B or C. However, within the genus Ctenophthalmus there is no correlation of two or more characters which may be regarded as fundamental, and it is therefore not possible to form a relatively small number of major groups (sub- genera). Some examples are : (a) all Ethiopian species possess an area communis in both sexes and a pronotal ctenidium of 16 spines the same is true for members of the unrelated agyrtes-group, but the latter have an occipital chaetotaxy which is different from that of all Ethiopian species except vanhoofi; (b) all Ethiopian species lack a curved seta at the apex of the labial palp but this is also the case in the un- related fissurus- and rettigi-groups ; (c) the development of the mid-coxal sulcus is normally a generic character but in Ctenophthalmus the sulcus may be complete, slightly interrupted or entirely interrupted. When a member of a group takes to an ecological niche or mode of life which is very different from that occupied by the other members of the group, and as a result SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTH ALMUS 109 undergoes more or less drastic morphological changes, the relationships between this member and the others 01 the group tend to be obscured. Fleas of fossorial mammals, for example members of the grains-subgroup (assimilis-group) , illustrate this very clearly. The structure of the genitalia leaves no doubt that the gratus forms, which have become associated with mole-rats (Spalax), belong to the assimilis- group (Figs. 87, 147*, cf. Figs. 85, 86, 146), but they differ from all other members of that group, which are parasites of Microtinae, by having on terga II-VII rounded spiracular fossae (Fig. 35) like those in other, but unrelated, species which are parasitic on Spalax ; and a much reduced and almost Y-shaped spiracular fossa on tergum VIII (Fig. 35) (a reduction has also taken place in congener tenuistigmatus , a parasite of Microtus). Furthermore, fleas of Spalax are more hairy than those of other hosts, and members of the gra^ws-subgroup are likewise more setose, though less completely so, but instead of having more setae, for example, in the tergal main rows, a short row of setae occurs on the pronotum anterior to the main row (in all other species of the genus there is only one pronotal row of setae) and a rudimentary fourth genal spine, variable in size but smaller than the normal spines, is present in a number of specimens (Figs. 9, 10) a very exceptional development. The gra^MS-subgroup shows, for example, that the use of the shape of the spiracular fossae as a principal unit-character may give misleading results if insufficient atten- tion is paid to the affinities of the genitalia. The influence of a change of ecological niche on the morphology of the flea appears to affect the head, thorax and pregenital abdominal segments much more immediately than the genitalia. Of the male genitalia the phallosome seems more liable to morphological changes than segment IX (although there are some exceptions). In the female, the shape and especially the chaetotaxy of tergum VIII are apparently more stable than the structure of the genitalia, although variations in the genitalia are far less obvious than those of the male. This paper is not a revision and only species showing certain group characteristics have been illustrated. The genus will be fully dealt with by Hopkins & Rothschild in the Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas, 4, where keys will also be given. I have not been able to examine the faunistic literature to the full extent and the geographical ranges given for each species may not always be exhaustive. I have not seen specimens of the following : $ of arcanus Smit ; bifurcus loff ; caballeroi Barrera ; chionomydis loff & Rostigayev ; $ of crudelis Jordan ; $ of dinormus Jordan ; ^ of engis Rothschild ; expansus Traub ; $ of hispanicus Jordan ; hypanis s. 1. ; kazbek Tiflov ; kirschenblatti Argyropulo ; $ of nyikensis Smit ; <$ of olbius Jordan & Rothschild ; quadratus Liu & Wu ; shovi Rostigayev ; $ of stenurus Jordan ; $ of tertius Smit ; wladimiri Isayeva-Gurvich ; $ of yunnanus Jordan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For loans and gifts of specimens of Ctenophthalmus I am indebted to many of my colleagues ; they all have my cordial thanks. Mrs A. M. Wright deserves my gratitude for much practical assistance. * Figures referred to in the text are contained in Plates 1-58 at the end of this number. no F. G. A. M. SMIT CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE HEAD 1. Thickness of frontal wall usually thin (Figs, i, 3, n), but often thicker in fleas parasitizing fossorial rodents, i.e. members of spalacis-, caucasicus-, triodontus-groups (Figs. 4, 13). 2. Frontal wall with small seta in notch just above oral angle this is present in moratus-group (Fig. 12) and occasionally (though not as distinctly) in species of other groups (Figs. 13, 14, 15). 3. Development of eye the eye is vestigial in parasites of fossorial hosts and here belong e.g. members of the spalacis-, triodontus-, dilatatus-groups and of the grates- subgroup (assimilis-group) (Figs. 4, 9, 10, 13). In the majority of species the eye is distinct (Figs, i, 3) and in Ethiopian species (except triodontus-group) the eye is usually relatively well developed and dark (Fig. 12). 4. Length of labial palp this palp is shortest, reaching to about the middle of the fore coxa, in some African species (particulars, stenurus, tertius, lycosius) ; the palp reaches to about two-thirds the length of fore coxa in all other African species and in assimilis-group, to three-quarters the length in all other species except for nivalis- and go/ow'-subgroups (nivalis-group) , dolichus-, spalacis- and triodontus- groups in which the palp reaches to the apex, and in dolomydis-subgroup (nivalis- group) and dilatatus-group in which it reaches well beyond apex of fore coxa. 5. Chaetotaxy and shape of apical segment of labial palp this segment bears ventro-anteriorly three very small setae the middle one of which is directed post- eriorly in all species which have a ventro-posterior hooked seta (Figs. 20-24) > the lower of these three setae is often fairly stout in members of the assimilis-group (Figs. 22, 23) ; the upper seta points downwards except in members of spalacis-, fissurus-, rettigi-groups and of all Ethiopian groups, in which this seta points forwards and downwards (Figs. 24-28). This segment bears ventro-posteriorly either two or three setae : when there are two setae, the upper is relatively well developed and hook-shaped while the lower seta placed immediately below the hook-shaped one is extremely minute and often barely visible even at x 1000 magnification (Figs. 20-24). These two setae occur in all Holarctic species with the exception of members of fissurus- and rettigi-groups (Fig. 25) ; when three bristles are present as in fissurus-, rettigi- and all Ethiopian groups (Figs. 25-28), the two upper ones are short and straight or almost so, while the lower seta is usually somewhat longer and more distinct than the corresponding one in the species with only two ventro-apical setae. In the species with a hooked ventro-posterior seta the apex of the segment is usually triangular (Figs. 20-24), m those with unmodified setae the apex is obtuse (Figs. 25-28). 6. Presence or absence of an area communis this is a pale ovoid area where the walls of the antennal fossae of the two sides are partly fused (Fig. 18) ; this incipient trabecula centralis is situated behind the middle of the antenna and is usually rather difficult to see, even in well cleared specimens. The area communis is absent in both sexes of the parcus-group, present in females of all other groups and in males of the agyrtes-group, russulae-subgroup (nivalis-group), rettigi-group and all Ethiopian groups. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTH ALMUS in 7. Occipital rows of setae the first of the three rows consists of two setae in the Holarctic species (Figs. I, 2, 3 ,11) except in members of the spalacis-gToup which may have only one seta, in dux-group where sometimes three setae are present, and in the following Ethiopian species : cophurus, eximius, vanhoofi and particularis (Fig. 18) (in some other Ethiopian species this row may also consist of only two setae but then the number usually fluctuates between two and four). The middle row consists of two small upper setae and one large seta, well separated from the upper ones, in one Ethiopian species (vanhoofi) and in Holarctic species (Figs, i, 2) with the exception of the rettigi-, dilatatus-groups (Figs. 3, n) and inornatus- subgroup (fissurus-group) in which this row consists of two rather closely set setae as is also the case in particularis (Fig. 18), and in the spalacis-group (Fig. 4) where the number varies from 2-4, while there is only one seta in fissurus and turcicus ; in the caucasicus-group the three setae of the middle row are equally spaced ; in the Ethiopian species (with the exception of vanhoofi and particularis) the middle row consists of 3-5 setae which form a distinct row (Figs. 12, 13). The posterior row consists of five (occasionally 4-7) setae of which the lowest is the longest. 8. Genal spines first (anterior) genal spine always with parallel striation (Figs. 1-18), second and third spines either with oblique (Figs, i, 3, 6-8, 12) or parallel striation. The latter type of spine occurs only in dolomydis (Figs. 2, 5), dilatatus (Fig. n), turcicus and fissurus. A type of striation (of middle and posterior genal spines) which is intermediate between the parallel and oblique types is found in gratus (Figs. 9, 10), dux, inornatus, and the spalacis-group (Fig. 4). The ratio of length between the three spines is on average 1:1-3:1-6. The spines are usually sharply pointed but in parasites of fossorial rodents (Spalax, Tachyoryctes) they often have rounded tips (Fig. 13) ; these spines are frequently broken off in varying degrees in those fleas. THORAX 9. Length of pronotum the pronotum is dorsally shorter than the pronotal spines in dolomydis (Fig. 2) and dilatatus, about as long as these spines in the spalacis-, caucasicus-, fissurus-, moratus- and rettigi-groups (Fig. 3) as well as in gratus and olbius ; in all other species the pronotum is at least somewhat longer than the pronotal spines. 10. Rows of setae on pronotum there is only one row of pronotal setae but in the gratus-subgroup an incipient short row may be present in front of the main row. 11. Number of spines in pronotal ctenidium there are usually 14, 16 or 18 spines in the pronotal ctenidium ; in particularis (Figs. 18, 19) there are only 12 spines but in this species the ctenidium is modified. There are 14 spines in both sexes of dilatatus and dolichus, 16 in male 14 in female in caucasicus-, dux- and pseudagyrtes-groups, 16 spines in agyrtes-group, russulae-subgroup (nivalis-group) , spalacis- and all Ethiopian groups (except particularis) ; 18 spines in male 16 in female in assimilis and nivalis-groups (except russulae-subgroup) ; 18 spines in both sexes in rettigi- and parcus-group and in the inornatus-subgroup (fissurus-group). 112 F. G. A. M. SMIT 12. Arrangement of pseudosetae under mesonotal collar in most species there are three mesonotal pseudosetae on each side, the upper two of which are placed near the dorsum and the lower a little below the middle of the collar (Fig. 42). A different, but not always constant, arrangement is found in the Caucasians-, dolichus-, dilatatus-, triodontus-, particularis-groups (Figs. 43-45) and in the gra^ws-subgroup (assimilis-group) . 13. Chaetotaxy of metepimeron in the majority of species there are about half- a-dozen setae on the metepimeron but in turcicus and members of the spalacis- and triodontus-groups the number of setae is usually larger (up to about a dozen). LEGS 14. Oblique sulcus of mid coxa the sulcus is (a) complete (Fig. 29) in mem- bers of the agyrtes-, dolichus-, pseudagyrtes- and all Ethiopian groups (except eximius) ; (b) interrupted in the middle in various degrees (Fig. 31) in spalacis-, rettigi-, triodontus- and eximius-groups, in fissurus-subgroup (fissurus-group) and sometimes in specimens of gratus-group ; (c) broken in upper part, forming double lines (Fig. 30) as in nivalis- and dolomydis-subgroups (nivalis-group) , some subgroups of assimilis -group, caucasicus-, dilatatus-, dux-, inornatus- and parcus-groups. 15. Number of setal notches in hind tibial margin the dorso-posterior margin of the hind tibia has seven notches, each normally bearing two setae in all species except in members of the triodontus-group which usually have eight (occasionally even nine) because of an extra notch between the penultimate one and the notch above it. 16. Length of longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment the length of this seta varies, according to species, from not quite extending to the apex of the third segment to reaching beyond the apex of the fourth segment. 17. Number of lateral setae of fifth hind tarsal segment there are (a) three pairs of lateral plantar setae on the fifth hind tarsal segment in the majority of Holarctic species and in two Ethiopian species (eximius, arcanus) ; (b) three or four pairs or three setae on one side of the segment and four on the other in the spalacis- and triodontus-groups and in the following Ethiopian species : lycosius, singular is, evidens, bacopus, ansorgei, calceatus, ominosus, debrauwerei and luberensis ; (c) four pairs in dux-group, expansus and caballeroi (pseudagyrtes-group) and in all Ethiopian species except the ones mentioned under (a) and (b) . ABDOMEN 18. Smoothness of pregenital abdominal segments the posterior margins of terga I-VII and especially of sterna II-VII are very minutely and rather sparsely serrated in members of the evidens-group and in engis, eximius and cophurus. In all other species of the genus these margins are smooth. 19. Downward extension of main rows of tergal setae in the majority of species only one seta (the lowest) of the main row on each of terga II-VII is situated below the level of the spiracular fossa ; exceptions are members of the caucasicus-, fissurus-, spalacis-, triodontus- and dilatatus-groups in which usually two (sometimes three or in triodontus-group even four) setae extend below the level of spiracular fossa at least on terga III and IV (usually on terga II-VII or VI). SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTH ALMUS 113 20. Numbers of antesensilial setae both sexes have three antesensilial setae on each side except for eximius which has three setae in the male but usually four (not infrequently three or five on one or even both sides) in the female. 21. Presence or absence of lateral setae on basal sternum the basal sternum has a small number of lateral setae in both sexes of the following : spalacis- and ^w^-groups, dolomydis-subgroup and in golovi, turcicus and stenurus (<$), also in an occasional specimen of eumeces ; this patch of setae is found in the female sex only in members of the caucasicus- and rettigi-groups and in parvus, iranus, singularis, eximius, audax and edwardsi. 22. Pattern of striation of basal sternum -the cuticular ridges of this sternum may form (a) a parallel pattern as in golovi-subgroup (nivalis-group) , most members of assimilis-group, parcus-, dolichus-, spalacis-, caucasicus-, fissurus-, dux-, rettigi-, pseudagyrtes-, atomus-, calceatus- and eximius-groups and in cophurus, eumeces and stenurus ; (b) finger-print pattern which occurs only in the following Ethiopian species : triodontus-group and in atomus, olbius, smithersi, singularis, blandulus, phyris, devignati, vanhoofi, bacopus, debrauwerei, luberensis and arcanus ; (c) a pattern which is intermediate between a parallel and finger-print one and in which the centre of the lateral surface of the sternum somewhat resembles a honeycomb this is found in all species other than those mentioned under (a) and (b). 23. Shape of spiracular fossae the shape of the spiracular fossa of the metepi- meron corresponds on the whole with that of terga II-VII but it is always larger ; the fossa of tergum VIII is as in all fleas different from the ones on the preceding terga. The following main types of fossae on metepimeron and terga II-VII can be distinguished : (a) circular or broad oval these are found in the caucasicus-, spalacis-, fissurus-, triodontus- and rettigi-groups and in the gra^ws-subgroup (assimilis-group) (Figs. 35, 36, 37, 41) ; (b) elongate, rounded apically and of subequal width over entire length in dux-group (Fig. 40) ; (c) elongate, with a widened rounded apical part in dolic.hus-group (Fig. 38) ; (d) halter-shaped in dilatatus- group (Fig. 39) ; (e) co nical, i.e pointed posteriorly in all other groups (Figs. 32-34). The fossa of tergum VIII is usually a Y- or V-shaped structure (Figs. 32-33), but much broadened in members of the assimilis-group (Fig. 34c, f) (except the gra^ws-subgroup (Fig. 35c, f), congener tenuistigmatus and MALE 24. Setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII one or a few more setae are present in about 20 per cent of the known species but this occurrence is not a group character. 25. Shape of sternum VIII the margin of sternum VIII is (a) ventrally emarg- inate, e.g. in the nivalis- and r^^'-groups (Figs. 48-50, 52) and in acanthurus ; (b) ventroposteriorly drawn out into a triangular lobe in the pseudagyrtes-group (Fig. 53), eximius and cophurus ; (c) of unusual shape as shown in figures of capriciosus (Fig. 62), pisticus (Fig. 57), dolichus (Fig. 55), dilatatus (Fig. 61) and dux (Fig. 63) ; (d) in all other species sternum VIII has a broadly rounded or obtuse posterior margin ; (e) in calceatus and ansorgei (calceatus-group) the ventral margin has the appearance of being partially folded over (Fig. 59) . ii4 F. G. A. M. SMIT 26. Presence or absence of area fusoria the area fusoria is a triangular or semicircular dorsal area of fusion of the two sides of the apodeme of tergum IX in male fleas (Fig 64, a.f.) ; it is absent in the agyrtes-, caucasicus-, dolichus-, pseudagyrtes-, rettigi- and eximius-groups and in cophurus, ominosus, calceatus and ansorgei. In all other species the area fusoria is developed to a greater or lesser degree. 27. Internal ventral incrassation of corpus of clasper (Fig. 64, v.i.) this incrassation is (a) absent in caucasicus-, parcus-, dux-, dilatatus- and dolichus- groups and in inornatus, pollex, acanthurus, eximius and debrauwerei ; (b) long, narrow and horizontal in agyrtes-, spalacis- and triodontus-groups and in pisticus ; (c) triangular in assimilis-, nivalis-, pseudagyrtes- and wora^ws-groups and in evidens, atomus, vanhoofi, cophurus and luberensis ; (d) narrow and upright in rettigi-, calceatus- and eumeces-groups and in turcicus, ominosus, singularis, phyris and devignati. 28. Acetabular process in the atomus-group this process is large and hyaline (Text-fig. 112), in all other species of the genus it is not or not markedly differen- tiated from the rest of the corpus of clasper. 29. Shape and chaetotaxy of fixed process of clasper this process is either entire or divided by a sinus into two lobes, the lower (ventral) of which may also be sinuate. An undivided (or almost so) process is only found in members of the fissurus- and rettigi-groups (Figs. 100, 101, 105, 106) and in a number of Ethiopian species (Figs. 108-110, 113, 118, 121). In all other species the fixed process is sinuate in various degrees and in a number of forms of the agyrtes-group as well as in bifurcus (nivalis-group) the lower lobe is also sinuate (Figs. 73, 77, 78). Chaetotaxy : There is usually only one acetabular seta ; in the rettigi-group and fissurus-subgroup (fissurus-group) there are apparently two acetabular setae, the upper of which may well be a displaced lateral seta of the clasper (Figs. 100, 105, 1 06) ; in dilatatus in which the clasper processes are strongly modified there are about half-a-dozen setae occupying the position of a single acetabular one (Fig. 97). Apart from the acetabular seta and a number of marginal and sub- marginal short setae, the fixed process has two (occasionally i or 3) long setae in the agyrtes-, rettigi- and eximius-groups ; in most other species there are 3-5 long setae. The lower (ventral) lobe of a sinuate fixed process bears a small apical seta (Figs. 66, 68 a.s.), except in dolichus (Fig. 96), iranus (Fig. 92), dilatatus (Fig. 97) and in certain Ethiopian species such as calceatus- and eumeces-groups (Figs. 116-119), singularis (Fig. 123) and devignati (Fig. 125). 30. Shape and chaetotaxy of movable process of clasper basically the shape of this process appears to be elongate rectangular (as e.g. in Figs. 64-66) ; often, and usually partially, the process is widened or narrowed in varying degrees and the range of variations can be seen from Figs. 64-68, 70-103. The chaetotaxy of the movable process is fundamentally the same in all species of a genus, but variations in number and position of the setae do of course occur quite frequently. In Ctenophthalmus the following groups of setae are found : (a) along the dorso-anterior angle of the process on the outer side are several (up to SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTH ALMUS 115 about 20) short setae which are often basiconiform, the so-called sensilla (Figs. 64-68, s.a.) ; when the angle is not very prominent (the anterior margin gradually merging into the dorsal one), the sensilla are often more numerous and extend along the greater part of the margin (e.g. Figs. 65, 67, 95, 96) ; if the movable process is triangular and has a narrow apex, the sensilla are either situated at the apex (as in the agyrtes-group (Figs. 70-79)) or along the anterior margin (rettigi-group (Figs. 105, 106)) ; (b) at or just below the dorso-posterior angle are two slender setae of which at least the dorsal one is often curved upwards (Figs. 64-68, x) ; in species with a strongly modified movable process these two setae help to determine where the true dorsal margin ends and the posterior margin begins (e.g. Figs. 66, 68, 81) ; (c) a short distance below the two x-setae is a short seta with a usually blunt tip (Figs. 64-68, y) ; (d) at varying distances below the y-seta is found the lowest group at the posterior margin, consisting usually of four slender setae hence this group has been termed here " tetrad setae " (Figs. 64-68, t.s.). There are never any other setae at or near the margin below the tetrad setae. In certain species the lower x-seta is situated below the y-seta and it may then sometimes join up with the tetrad setae (see Figs. 90, 92, 109, 113-115, 118, 119, 128-130). There are two tetrads in phyris and sometimes in eximius which normally has three such setae, which number also occurs in the s^>a/aas-group (Fig. 98), dolomydis (Fig. 82), iranus (Fig. 92), morals-group (Fig. in) and cophurus (Fig. 121). More than four tetrad setae (5-7) are found in the calceatus-group (Figs. 116, 117), audax (Fig. 109), ominosus (Fig. 112), dilatatus (Fig. 97) and solutus (Fig. 77) ; (e) relatively few small setae are scattered over the upper half of the inner and outer surface of the movable process. 31. Fovea of movable process the fovea can be markedly elongate, ovoid or circular, according to species and is apparently absent only in breviatus (Fig. 65), arvalis (Fig. 89), eximius (Fig. 120), triodontus (Fig. 108) and edwardsi (Fig. no). 32. Surface structure of inner side of movable process the surface of the inner side of the movable process is smooth in all species except in members of the atomus-group in which the lower part of the surface is densely spiculose. 33. Shape and chaetotaxy of sternum IX the distal arm of sternum IX can be very short, of medium length or about as long as the proximal arm. Usually one of these types is characteristic for a certain group but there are several excep- tions. A most unusual feature is the bifid structure of the distal arm in bifidatus (Fig. 73) ; other diversions from the normal straight, simple distal arm are found in capriciosus (Fig. 75), dux (Fig. 95), jeanneli, moratus (Fig. in), acunus and ominosus (Fig. 112). Some of the apical setae of the distal arm are spiniform in acanthurus (Fig. 115) and capriciosus (Fig. 75) only ; in all other species the setae of sternum IX are slender and usually rather short. 34. Phallosome the phallosome in Ctenophthalmus is of a relatively simple structure. With a few exceptions the lateral walls of the aedeagus are symmetrical; the exceptions are found in the following Ethiopian species ; singularis (Fig. 186), vanhoofi (Fig. 187), debrauwerei (Fig. 188), smithersi (Fig. 189) and devignati (Fig. 190). Posteriorly and/or ventro-posteriorly the lateral walls may form hook- n6 F. G. A. M. SMIT shaped structures (e.g. Figs. 133-136, 140, 145, 146, 151, 152, 158, 171, 173, 175-178) or a small lobe (Figs. 179, 180) ; in a number of species the lower part of the posterior margin forms a narrow band-like sclerotization (see e.g. Figs. 131-136). Dorsally the lateral wall may be expanded in various degrees, e.g. in the assimilis-group (Figs. 146-154), parcus-group (Figs. 155, 156) ; in certain species there is a dorso-posterior extension due to excessive length of the dorso-apical sclerite (Figs. 134, 139, 141, 162, 166-169, 189, 190). In the agyrtes-group the lateral wall often forms ventrally a lamella which may be smooth, striated or covered with scale-like spicules and is either hanging down or folded up according to species or to subspecies (Figs. 131-134, 138-140). In a number of species the ventro-anterior part of the lateral wall has a rather strong sclerotization which encircles an apparent opening in the wall this is referred to as the ventro-basal sclerotization (Figs. 69, v. b. s., 142-144, 146-154, 163). The tubus interior (Fig. 69, t.i.) is fairly long in dux (Fig. 158), moratus (Fig. 171) and luberensis (Fig. 185), but in all other species it is short and straight ; the tubus interior may bear dorsally a sclerotized outgrowth of various shapes according to species. Dorso-apically of the tubus interior lies the dorso-apical sclerite (Fig. 69, d.a.s.) which is shaped like an inverted Y ; its narrow dorsal portion is variable in length (see e.g. Figs. 130-138 and Figs. 141, 142, 147, 162) ; this sclerite is large in orientalis (Fig. 153), dux (Fig. 158), s/>a/a'.s-group (Fig. 160), rettigi-group (Figs. 164, 165), triodontus-group (Figs. 166-168), moratus- group (Fig. 171) and devignati (Fig. 190). Below the dorso-apical sclerite are the two hamulae (Fig. 69, h.a.) which dorsally cover the sides of the tubus interior ; these hamulae are often ill developed and membranous, but in some species they are quite distinct (e.g. Figs. 131-133, 140, 145, 160-165, 179). The lunular sclerite (Fig. 69, l.s.) is a slender curved structure but in dilatatus (Fig. 159) it has a dorso- anterior bulbous expansion ; in some Ethiopian species this sclerite is rather long and often strongly curved (e.g. Figs. 173-175, 179). The dorsal lobe of the fulcrum (Fig. 69, d.l.f.) is fairly variable as can be seen from Figs. 131-190, but this is a species character rather than a group one. The aedeagal apodeme (Fig. 69, a.a.) is long and narrow in most species; exceptions are e.g. pollex (Fig. 152), moratus-group (Fig. 171), nyikensis (Fig. 177) , phyris (Fig. 184), singularis (Fig. 186) and smithersi (Fig. 189). ' FEMALE 35. Shape of sternum VII the posterior margin of this sternum is always lobed and the following main types can be distinguished : (a) with a dorso-lateral lobe which may be rounded, triangular or obtuse (Figs. I93a, 194, 196, 197) ; (b) with a rounded or obtuse dorso-lateral lobe below which there is a smaller lobe (Figs. 191, 195, 199) ; (c) with a sinuate dorso-lateral lobe (Figs. 192, 200, 205, 206, 210) ; (d) with a dorso-lateral and a ventral lobe (Figs. 192, 198, 202). 36. Shape of posterior margin of tergum VIII this margin is either broadly rounded and without a distinct sinus, although often with a small dorso-lateral lobe as in the Holarctic species and in some Ethiopian species (eximius (Fig. 206), cophurus and luberensis}, or sinuate as in all other Ethiopian species. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 117 37. Unciform sclerotization of tergum VIII a single or double unciform sclero- tization is present in most members of the assimilis-, spalacis- and eximius-groups (Figs. 196, 197), singularis and blandulus ; in all other species the sclerotization is absent or inapparent. 38. Chaetotaxy of tergum VIII the following groups of setae can be distinguished : (a) anterior to the spiracular fossa there are one or a few small setae in about a third of the known species, but this occurrence is not a group character ; (b) on the latero-ventral part, above the preventral row, is a patch of setae (rarely reduced to one) of which the posterior ones are the longest ; (c) a preventral row of usually five or six setae. The length and position of the last two setae of this row constitute an important character ; they are submarginal in all Holarctic species (Figs. 191-200, 202-205) except for the rettigi-group (Fig. 201) while in the Ethiopian species they are marginal (Fig. 211) except for the moratus-, eximius-, particularis- and triodontus-groups and cophurus in which they are submarginal (in some Ethiopian species only the last seta is truly marginal) . The last seta is placed above and close to the penultimate one in the nivalis-, assimilis- and s^>a/a's-groups (Figs. 194-198) ; in all other species the last two setae are more or less in line with the others of the row. In the majority of species the last seta is shorter and stouter than the penultimate one ; in the parcus- and rettigi-groups and in audax (triodontus- group) there is little difference between those two setae (Figs. 207, 208) ; (d) in most species there are 3-5 genital setae (e.g. Figs. 191-196), but a larger number occurs in the spalacis-, fissurus-, dux-, rettigi- and triodontus-groups (Figs. 197, 201, 203, 205, 207). 39. Sternum VIII the following four main types of sternum VIII can be distinguished : (a) with a broad and rounded apex as in solutus (Fig. I93a), dux (Fig. 203), rettigi (Fig. 201), acuminatus, ruris, acanthurus, evidens, edwardsi and luberensis ; (b) with a short and narrow sclerotized apex as in agyrtes- (except solutus), assimilis-, pseudagyrtes-, dolichus- and dilatatus-groups (Figs. 191, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 202) and ingolovi, dolomydis (Fig. 198), russulae (Fig. 192), caucasicus, triodontus, audax (Fig. 207), eximius (Fig. 206) and cophurus ; (c) with a relatively long and narrow sclerotized apex as in nivalis, nifetodes and orphihis (Fig. 194) ; (d) the sternum is well sclerotized over the whole of its length and has a narrow apex as in the spalacis- and fissiirus-groups (Fig. 197), golovi, parcus (Fig. 208), dinorrmis and in about half the number of Ethiopian species. The base of sternum VIII is rather strongly sclerotized in members of the assimilis-, nivalis-, dilatatus- and parctis-groups (Figs. 194-196, 198, 199, 208). 40. Genital ducts the ductus bursae can be shorter, about as long as, or longer than the dorsal pronotal spines ; the length can vary within a group. In vanhoofi and debrauwerei (which might be grouped together) the bursa copulatrix is folded over the top part of the ductus bursae and the duplicatura vaginalis (in front of the ductus bursae) is much enlarged and often contains small dark sclero- tizations (Fig. 212). The ductus obturatus is sometimes as long as the ductus spermathecae (Fig. 193) but both ducts are very often invisible in cleared specimens and e.g. in vanhoofi and debrauwerei only the ductus spermathecae could be seen ii8 P. G. A. M. SMIT (Fig. 212). In smithersi the ductus spermathecae is relatively very broad for most of its length. 41. Spermatheca in Ctenophthalmus there is relatively little variation in the shape of the spermatheca ; typical examples are shown in Figs. 191, 193-196, 201, 204. A small or fairly small spermatheca is found in the spalacis- fissums- and moratus-groups (Figs. 197, 210) as well as in dolomydis (Fig. 198), dinormus, parcus, acuminatus, eumeces, bacopus, engis and olbius. A distinct transition of bulga into hilla is absent in dux only (Fig. 203). The bulga is somewhat constricted dorso- posteriorly in the following Ethiopian species : phyris, vanhoofi, debrauwerei (Fig. 212), devignati, smithersi and in occasional specimens of ominosus (Fig. 211), calceatus, ansorgei and natalensis. CTENOPHTHALMUS Kolenati Ctenophthalmus Kolenati, 1856, Parasiten der Chiroptern, Briinn ed. : 33 (type species (by subsequent designation) : bisoctodentatus Kolenati, 1863). Typhlopsylla Taschenberg, 1880, Die Flohe : 86 (partim). Spalacopsylla Oudemans, 1906, Tijdschr. Ent. 49 : liii. Ctenophthalmus subgenus N eoctenophthalmus Wagner, 1930, Mag. Parasit., Leningr. i : 154 (type species (by monotypy) : dilatatus Wagner, 1928). Syn. nov. Euctenophthalmus Wagner, 1940, Z. Parasitenk. u : 595 (type species : assimilis Taschenberg, 1880). Syn. nov. Spalacoctenophthalmus Wagner, 1940, /. c. : 595 (type species : typhlus Motsch., 1840 (=spalacis Jordan & Rothschild, 1911)). Syn. nov. Palaeoctenophthalmus Wagner, 1940, 1. c. : 596 (type species : rettigi Rothschild, 1908). Syn. nov. Ctenophthalmus subgenus Paractenophthalmus Wagner, 1940, /. c. : 602 (type species (by subsequent designation): dolichus* Rothschild, 1913 ; see Costa Lima and Hathaway, 1946, Monogr. Inst. Osw. Cruz 4 : 216). Syn. nov. Head semifracticipit. Frontal tubercle small, triangular. Frontal row consisting of five setae, exceptionally four or six ; anterior to the lowest seta usually a small or minute seta present and this is sometimes situated in a notch in the frontal margin. Ocular row of three long setae, the upper of which is placed at margin of antennal fossa above eye. Postantennal region of head with three rows of setae, the first and/or second sometimes represented by only a single seta. Genal ctenidium horizontal or (less commonly) oblique, composed of three straight, (sub)parallel and backward/downward pointing spines ; in members of the gra/s-subgroup a rudimentary fourth spine is quite often present between the eye and the posterior genal spine. Genal process rather narrow (often broader in the female than in the male) and with a rounded or obtuse apex, clearly visible behind the posterior genal spine. Eye fairly well developed (but never with a very distinct cornea), reduced or vestigial. Trabecula centralis absent, but a number of species, either in one sex or in both sexes, with an area communis, i.e. a fusion of the walls of the antennal fossae, visible as a fairly large oval pale area demarcated by a dark line. Setae of antennal pedicel extending only over base of clava in male, while in the female they may reach to about the apex of the clava. Labial palp five-segmented, the apex reaching to a point from the middle of the fore coxa to beyond the fore trochanter ; the apical segment bears anteriorly three minute subapical setae and posteriorly one minute and either one curved or two shorter straight setae. *Wagner mentions dolichus and dux as belonging to this subgenus and although he states that he had not seen specimens of dux he knew the species from the description. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 119 Pronotum normally with one row of setae, about half-a-dozen each side ; pronotal ctenidium straight (except in particulars) , consisting of 12 (in particulars only), 14, 16 or 18 spines which on the whole are at least as long as the pronotum. Mesonotum with three (in certain species four) pseudosetae each side under the collar. Metanotal pleural arch and ridge well-developed. Mid coxa with the oblique pale sulcus either complete or interrupted. Tibae without a comb-like arrangement of marginal setae. Posterior margin of hind tibia normally with seven notches, each containing not more than two short setae (apical notch excepted). Fifth tarsal segments with a basal plantar pair, three lateral pairs on fore and mid tarsus and three or four pairs on hind tarsus. First four terga on each side with usually only one marginal spinelet (exceptionally one only on tergum V also). Both sexes with three antesensilial setae each side (except in females of eximius and hoogstraali which normally have four antesensilials each side), of which the middle one is the longest. Sensilium with 17 trichobothria each side and with one seta at the posterior margin. Male : Apodeme of tergum IX well developed; clasper with two minute setae and one leucodisc situated below the sensilium ; manubrium usually fairly narrow and with an upturned tip ; one acetabular seta (absent in dux- and dolichus-groups) ; fixed process of clasper usually divided into two lobes, the lower of which may be sinuate. Movable process without spiniform setae ; with sensilla dorso-anteriorly or apically. Distal arm of sternum IX normally a straight simple structure ; one or two of the apical setae of this arm thickened in only a few species. Aedeagus structurally relatively simple : tubus interior short and straight ; dorso-apical sclerite triangular and often elongate ; hamulus usually feebly sclerotized ; lateral wall of aedeagus sometimes lobed posteriorly or ventrally and the two sides asymmetrical in some species ; aedeagal apodeme narrow in most species (never exceptionally broad) ; aedeagal tendons not making more than half a convolution. Female : Sternum VII with at least one lateral lobe. Tergum VIII with at most one seta at the posterior margin on the outer side. Sternum VIII varying in width, never very broad. Anal stylet with one long apical seta and two small subapical ones on the outer side. Ductus bursae not strongly sclerotized ; ductus obturatus fairly long. Spermatheca normally with a barrel-shaped bulga which is clearly demarcated from the narrow hilla (except in dux) ; hilla without papilla. agyrtes -group Head (Fig. i). Area communis present in both sexes. Eye clearly indicated. First genal spine shorter and narrower than second ; ratio of spines i : 1-3 : 1-6. Labial palp reaching to length of fore coxa ; with a curved apical seta. Anterior occipital row of two setae, middle row of three, interspace between most dorsal seta and middle seta smaller than that between latter and most ventral one. Thorax. Pronotum shorter than length of pronotal spines. Pronotal ctenidium with 16 spines in both sexes. Arrangement of pseudosetae under mesonotal collar normal (Fig. 42). About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa complete. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching about to apex of third segment (except in apertus-subgroup of agyrtes-group, in which it reaches about to middle of fourth segment). Three pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment. Abdomen. Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII conical, that of tergum VIII Y-shaped (Figs. 32, 33). One seta (the lowest) of tergal main rows below level of tergal spiracular fossae. Basal sternum without lateral setae. Male (Figs. 46, 47, 62, 68, 70-79, 131-140). Sternum VIII (Figs. 46, 47) with a smooth, rounded or broadly truncate posterior margin (except in capriciosus ; see Fig. 62). Apodeme of tergum IX without an area fusoria (except in the bisoctodentatus-subgroup ; see Fig. 79). Corpus of clasper with a horizontal internal ventral incrassation. Fixed process of clasper 120 P. G. A. M. SMIT divided by a triangular sinus into two lobes, the lower (ventral) of which may be subdivided by a sinus which is usually much broader than deep. Dorsal lobe of fixed process with two long marginal setae (except in solutus (Fig. 77) and bisoctodentatus (Fig. 79), which have 3-5 such setae). Ventral lobe of fixed process with a small dorso-apical seta. Movable process elongate, often triangular, gradually tapering towards the usually narrow apex along which about half-a-dozen sensilla are situated. Fovea elongate. Four tetrad setae (except in solutus, which has 7-9) situated usually well below apex of movable process. Distal arm of sternum IX very short in bisoctodentatus, of medium length in hispanicus (Fig. 71) and about as long as proximal arm in remaining species ; apex of distal arm with at least a few of its setae longish except in bisoctodentatus which has only short setae ; two of the setae subspiniform in capriciosus. Aedeagus (Figs. 131-140) without a dorsal expansion and without a ventro-basal sclerotization ; aedeagal apodeme narrow. Female (Figs. 191, 193). Sternum VII with a well-developed dorsal lobe below which often a smaller lobe. No setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII (except in apertus}. Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded, dorsally with a smallish lobe. Tergum VIII anteriorly without unciform sclerotization. Apical short and stout seta of preventral row of tergum VIII well separated from penultimate seta, not placed above the latter. Sternum VIII with a short and fairly narrow apex (subapical portion broader in solutus (Fig. i93a)) ; base of sternum VIII not strongly sclerotized. Ductus bursae at most as long as dorsal spines of pronotal ctenidium. Spermatheca of normal shape and size ; hilla shorter than bulga. Distribution. EUROPE and ASIA MINOR. Hosts. Muridae, especially Apodemus, except for bisoctodentatus which is a parasite of Talpa. The group can be divided into the following seven subgroups : agyrtes- subgroup Male (Figs. 70, 71, 131, 132). Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper with two long and several shorter setae ; broad ventral lobe entire or in varying degrees subdivided by a sinus. Distal arm of sternum IX of medium length or about as long as proximal arm, varying from narrow to fairly broad. Phallosome : dorso-apical sclerite not very long ; hamulus rectangular, fairly well differentiated ; lateral wall ventro-posteriorly with marginal sclerotization and ventrally with a distinct lobe which may be smooth, striated, scaled and turned up or down and does not extend to ventro-posterior part of lateral wall. Female. Posterior margin of sternum VII with a fairly large rounded dorsal lobe below which usually a very small lobe. agyrtes agyrtes (Heller, 1896), Ent. Nachr. 22 : 97, figs, i, 2 (asTyphlopsylla). Frisian islands, north-east Netherlands, northern Germany, Denmark, Poland except south-east, western half of Czechoslovakia and north-east Austria. agyrtes dinarus Rostigayev, 1959, Zool. Zh. 38 : 779, 781, fig. 4. Jugoslavia. agyrtes eurous Jordan & Rothschild, 1912, Novit. zool. 19 : 59, fig. i. Romania. agyrtes fennicus Peus, 1950, Syllegomena biol., Wittenberg : 290, fig. 3b. Finland. agyrtes graecus Jordan, 1926, Novit. zool. 33 : 392, fig. 19. Greece. agyrtes impavidus Jordan, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 174, fig. i. Northern and eastern France, northern Switzerland, Italy (Dolomites), Austria except the north-east. agyrtes kleinschmidtianus Peus, 1950, Syllegomena biol., Wittenberg : 295, fig. 5. South-east Poland. agyrtes ohridanus Wagner, 1939, Bull. Soc. sci. Skoplje 20 : 163, figs. 3-5. Jugoslavia. agyrtes pelikani Rosicky, 1959, Ada Acad. Sci. czechoslov. brun. 31 : 328, fig. 4. Central Bulgaria. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 121 agyrtes peusianus Rosicky, 1955, Zool. ent. Listy 4 : 366, 378, 381, figs. la, 2. Czechoslovakia (Low Tatra). agyrtes prothelenus Peus, 1958, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 34 : 156, figs. 16-19. Greece. agyrtes provincialis Rothschild, 1910, Ent. mon. Mag. 46 : 207, fig. 3 ($ on p. 255). South-east France, south-west Switzerland. agyrtes ropotamensis Rosicky, 1959, Ada Acad. Sci. czechoslov. brun. 31 : 329, figs. 5-9. South-east Bulgaria. agyrtes rugosus Peus, 1959, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 35 : 93, figs. 2, 3. Sicily. agyrtes sardiniensis loff, 1927, Ann. Mus. zool. Acad. St. Petersb. 28 : 428, fig. 12. Sardinia. agyrtes serbicus Wagner, 1930, Acta Soc. ent. Jugoslav. 3-4 : 38, 42, fig. 3. Jugoslavia. agyrtes smitianus Peus, 1950, Syllegomena biol., Wittenberg : 297, fig. 7E. Western and southern Netherlands, northern Belgium, southern Germany. agyrtes taygetus Peus, 1958, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 34 : 157, figs. 20-23. Greece. agyrtes verbanus Jordan & Rothschild, 1920, Ectoparasites i : 102, figs. 88, 89. Switzerland, northern Italy. agyrtes wagnerianus Peus, 1950, Syllegomena biol., Wittenberg : 290, fig. 3C. Jugoslavia (north-western Slovenia). hispanicus Jordan, 1938, Novit. zool. 41 : 108, fig. 50. Spain. nobilis nobilis (Rothschild, 1898), Novit. zool. 5 : 539 (as Typhlopsylla) . South-east England, central and south-eastern France. nobilis dobyi Beaucournu, 1962, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 87 : 235, figs. 1-3. Pyrenees Orientales, France. nobilis vulgaris Smit, 1955, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 107 : 349, figs. 32-70. British Isles (except south-east England), western France. andorrensis- subgroup Male (Figs. 72, 73, 133, 134). Dorsal lobe of fixed process with two long and several shorter setae ; broad ventral lobe not deeply sinuate. Tetrad setae of movable process situated rather high up in bifidatus (Fig. 73). Distal arm of sternum IX about as long as proximal arm, narrow (in bifidatus (Fig. 73) with, on each side, a ventro-basal extension bearing two long setae a structure unique in the genus). Phallosome : dorso-apical sclerite as in members of agyrtes-subgroup ; hamulus broad and crescentic in andorrensis (Fig. 133), not well sclerotized in bifidatus (Fig. 134) ; lateral wall ventro-posteriorly drawn out into a sharp projection, with only a very narrow strip of marginal sclerotization, and ventrally with a large triangular lobe which is either striated or scaled and reaches ventro-posterior part of lateral wall. Female (Fig. 191). Sternum VII as in agyrtes-subgroup. Tergum VIII with usually only two genital setae (usually 3 or 4 in other subgroups). andorrensis Smit, 1960, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 29 : 14, figs. 1-3. Andorra. bifidatus Smit, 1960, Tijdschr. Ent. 103 : 277, figs. 1-3. Turkey. arvernus -subgroup Male (Figs. 47, 62, 74, 75, 135, 136). Posterior margin of sternum VIII strongly convex in arvernus (Fig. 47), more straight in baeticus and with a long slender projecting dorso- posterior lobe in capriciosus (Fig. 62) which is unique in the genus. Dorsal lobe of fixed ENTO. 14. 3. 2. 122 F. G. A. M. SMIT process of clasper with one or two long and several shorter setae ; ventral lobe very narrow ; acetabular seta very variable in length. Apex of movable process very narrow, with five minute sensilla. Distal arm of sternum IX about as long as proximal arm, with relatively few setae which are all placed at or near the apex, in capriciosus (Fig. 75) with two dorsal pre-apical subspiniform setae each side. Phallosome : dorso-apical sclerite short ; hamulus rectangular ; lateral wall ventro-posteriorly with a fairly broad marginal sclerotization (as in agyrtes -subgroup) with its tip extending well beyond the lateral wall, which forms ventrally at most a medium-sized smooth lobe. Female. Sternum VII and segment VIII virtually as in the agyrtes-subgroup (cf. Fig. 191). arvernus Jordan, 1931, Novit. zool. 36 : 225, fig. i. Southern France, northern Spain. baeticus Rothschild, 1910, Ent. mon. Mag. 46 : 208, figs. I, 2. Portugal. capriciosus Smit, 1960, Tijdschr. Ent. 103 : 279, figs. 4-7. Jugoslavia. proximus- subgroup Male (Figs. 76, 137). Dorsal lobe of fixed process with two long and several shorter setae ; ventral lobe rather broad, undivided. Distal arm of sternum IX a little shorter than proximal arm, broad, with obtuse apex ; proximal arm markedly straight. Phallosome : dorso-apical sclerite longish, triangular ; hamulus poorly sclerotized ; posterior margin of lateral wall without strong sclerotization, ventro-posteriorly with a short downward-pointing lobe ; ventrally the lateral wall does not form a lobe. Female. Sternum VII with a large rounded lateral lobe. Segment VIII as in the agyrtes- subgroup. Ductus bursae about as long as dorsal pronotal spines. proximus (Wagner, 1903), HoraeSoc. ent. ross. 36 : 147, PI. 2, fig. 5 (as Typhlopsylla) . Caucasus, Turkey. solutus-sub&roup Male (Figs. 77, 138). Short dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper with three long and several shorter setae ; ventral lobe trapezoidal, very broad apically. Movable process with 7-9 tetrad setae. Distal arm of sternum IX triangular, about as long as proximal arm. Phallosome : dorso-apical sclerite very short ; hamulus narrow, elongate ; apical margin of lateral wall straight, slightly thickened in ventral half ; lateral wall ventrally forming a very short lobe beneath which is a characteristic longitudinal sclerotization. Female (Fig. 193). Posterior margin of sternum VII forming a very straight-edged broad lobe below which there may be a small sinus. Apex of sternum VIII broader than in the other subgroups. solutus solutus Jordan & Rothschild, 1920, Ectoparasites i : 105, figs. 94, 95. Switzerland, north Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, eastern Germany, Poland, southern Ukraine. solutus siculus Peus, 1959, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 35 : 97, figs. 4, 6. Sicily. aperf us-subgroup Male (Figs. 78, 139). Dorsal lobe of fixed process with two long and two or three shorter apical setae ; ventral lobe long and narrow or broad and subdivided by a wide sinus. Movable process with a comparatively small acetabular part, anterior margin sloping back from about middle, the lower part consequently L-shaped. Distal arm of sternum IX not quite as long as proximal arm, narrow, its apical half of uniform width, the apical margin oblique with ventral SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 123 angle more pronounced than dorsal one and a characteristic notch just below the former. Phallosome : inner tube directed upwards at an angle of 45 in relation to long axis of median lamella, dorso-apical sclerite rather long, aedeagus markedly drawn out dorso-posteriorly and with concave dorsal margin ; hamulus large but feebly sclerotized ; posterior margin of lateral wall not strongly sclerotized, with a large striate ventral lobe which may be turned up or down and has part of its margin minutely serrate. Female. One or a few setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Sternum VII with a large dorsal lobe below which there may be a short lobe, while the ventro-posterior angle is also drawn out into a lobe. Sternum VIII as in the agyrtes-subgroup. apertus apertus Jordan & Rothschild, 1921, Ectoparasites i : 133, figs. 107, 108. South-eastern France. apertus allani Smit, 1955, Ent. mon. Mag. 91 : 145, figs. 1-3. Northern Spain and central France. apertus gilcolladoi Wagner, 1939, Z. Parasitenk. n : 235, figs, i, 3, 6. Central Spain. bisoctodentatus-sub&roup Spiracular fossae of terga II-VII larger than in members of the foregoing subgroups (Fig. 33, cf. Fig. 32). Male (Figs. 79, 140). Apodeme of tergum IX small, with an area fusoria. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper with two to three long and a number of shorter setae, latter also present on outer lateral surface of this lobe ; ventral lobe very broad, trapezoidal. Manubrium strongly turned upwards. Movable process with broad rounded apex. Distal arm of sternum IX very short, none of its setae very long. Phallosome : small in relation to clasper, differing considerably from that of members of the other subgroups by a subdorsal deep sinus in posterior margin of lateral wall ; hamulus rectangular, well developed ; ventral margin of lateral wall with a small upturned triangular lobe (difficult to see even in extremely good preparations) ; tip of median lamella pointing strongly upwards. Female. Sternum VII either with only a broad upper lobe or with a sinus dividing off a narrower upper and similar or broader lower lobe. bisoctodentatus bisoctodentatus Kolenati, 1863, Horae Soc. ent. ross. 2 : 35, PI. 2 fig. 6. Southern Sweden, north and east Germany, Poland, European U.S.S.R., Finland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Jugoslavia, Austria, Switzerland, France, Jersey. bisoctodentatus heselhausi (Oudemans, 1914), Ent. Ber. Amst. 4 : 139 (as Spalacopsylla) . Great Britain, Belgium, west and south Germany, north-east Austria, northern Switzerland. nivalis- group Head (Figs. 2, 5, 6). Area communis present in both sexes in the russulae-subgroup, absent in male and present (though rather small) in female in golovi-, nivalis- and dolomydis- subgroups. Eye moderately well developed, except in dolomydis (Fig. 2) in which it is vestigial. First genal spine shorter and narrower than second ; ratio of spines i : 1-2 : 1-5, except in russulae-subgroup in which it is i : 1-5 : 2. Labial palp reaching to | length of fore coxa in russulae-subgroup, to apex (or slightly beyond) in the other three groups ; with a curved apical seta. Anterior occipital row of two setae, middle row of three, interspace between upper and middle setae smaller than that between middle and lower ones. Thorax. Pronotum shorter than length of pronotal spines, considerably so in russulae. Pronotal ctenidium with 16 spines in both sexes in mss/ae-subgroup and in dolomydis-subgroup ; i2 4 F - G. A. M. SMIT with 1 8 spines in male and 16 in female in golovi-subgroup and nivalis-subgroup. Arrangement of setae under mesonotal collar normal. About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa complete in russulae- and golovi-subgroups, dorsally interrupted in nivalis- and dolomydis-subgroups. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching apex of third segment in russulae-subgroup, tip of third or middle of fourth segment in nivalis- and dolomydis-subgroups, and from middle to apex of fourth segment in golovi-subgroup. Three pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment. Abdomen. Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII conical, that of tergum VIII Y-shaped. One seta (lowest of tergal main rows) below level of tergal spiracular fossae. Basal sternum with some lateral setae in golovi-subgroup and dolomydis-subgroup, without such setae in russulae-subgroup and mva/zs-subgroup. Male (Figs. 48-50, 54, 66, 8084, 141-145). Posterior margin of sternum VIII smooth in russulae-, nivalis- and do/ora^z's-subgroups (Figs. 48-50), finely serrate in go/cm'-subgroup (Fig. 54) ; ventral margin of this sternum apically emarginate in varying degrees (emargina- tion barely visible in Argyropulo's figure of kirschenblatti (Argyropulo, 1936, Konowia 15 : 146) but he states " Das 8. Sternit ist von der ventralen Seite schwach ausgeschnitten."). Apodeme of tergum IX with an area fusoria. Corpus of clasper with a triangular internal ventral incrassa- tion except in the russulae-subgroup (Fig. 83). Fixed process of clasper divided by a sinus into a dorsal lobe, which may be fairly large, and a narrow, usually non-sinuate and apically obtuse ventral lobe. Dorsal lobe of fixed process with two to four large setae and a number of shorter ones ; ventral lobe with a small apical seta inserted at middle of apical margin in members of nivalis-subgroup (Figs. 66, 80, 81) and more dorso-apically in other members of the group. Movable process usually broad and basically of rectangular shape which may not be immediately apparent in forms in which the apical and/or ventral portions of the margin are strongly slanting. Three to eight sensilla situated along dorso-anterior angle of movable process. Fovea ovoid, medium sized to very small. Four tetrad setae, usually situated well below dorso-posterior angle of movable process ; in nifetodes sspp. there are 4-6 tetrads (Figs. 66, 81). Distal arm of sternum IX of medium length, quite narrow in russulae-, nivalis- and dolomydis-subgroups (Figs. 80-83), broader in go/oz/z-subgroup (Fig. 84) ; none of the setae at apex of distal arm very long. Aedeagus with a more or less straight dorsal margin in golovi- and dolomydis-subgroups (Figs. 144, 145), with a convexity in middle of dorsal margin in nivalis- subgroup (Figs. 142, 143) and with dorso-apical expansion in russulae-subgroup (Fig. 141) ; with a well-developed ventro-basal sclerotization in nivalis- and dolomydis-subgroups (Figs. 142-144) only. Aedeagal apodeme narrow. Female (Figs. 192, 194, 198). Sternum VII with a large triangular dorso-lateral lobe and with a small ventral lobe in dolomydis-subgroup (Fig. 198), with or without this ventral lobe in nivalis-subgroup (Fig. 194) ; in go/ozn-subgroup an additional median lobe ; in russulae- subgroup (Fig. 192) margin of sternum VII as in dolomydis-subgroup (Fig. 198) except dorso- lateral lobe squarer and subventral sinus narrower. Tergum VIII with a few setae anterior to spiracular fossa in nivalis-, dolomydis- and go/ovz-subgroups (Figs. 194, 198), without such setae in russulae-subgroup (Fig. 192). Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded, without sinus. Tergum VIII anteriorly without unciform sclerotization. Short and stout apical seta of pre ventral row of tergum VIII well-separated from penultimate seta and not placed above it in russulae- and go/ozn'-subgroups (Fig. 192) while in nivalis- and dolomydis- subgroups (Figs. 194, 198) these two setae are close together and the apical stout seta is placed above penultimate one. Sternum VIII with narrow apex ; base of sternum VIII strongly sclerotized except in go/cwz-subgroup. Ductus bursae about as long as dorsal spines of pronotal ctenidium. Hilla of spermatheca about as long as bulga in dolomydis, shorter in all other members of the m'i>a/zs-group. Distribution. Mountainous regions of SOUTHERN EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, and CAUCASUS area. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 125 Hosts. Crocidura (russulae-subgroup) , Citellus and other rodents (golovi-sub- group) and Microtinae (nivalis- and dolomydis-subgroups) . Remarks. This group occupies an intermediate position between the agyrtes- and the ass/w^'s-groups. Though admittedly a somewhat heterogeneous taxon, the group contains species more closely related to one another than to members of the other two groups. The species which belong to the nivalis-group can be divided into the following four subgroups. nivalis -subgroup Area communis absent in male, present in female. Labial palp reaching at least to apex of fore coxa. Pronotal ctenidium with 18 spines in male, 16 in female. Basal sternum without lateral setae. Male (Figs. 50, 80, 81, 142, 143). Ventral margin of sternum VIII apically deeply emarginate. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper with three or four long setae and a number of shorter but strong setae. Distal arm of sternum IX with oblique apical margin. Phallosome : dorsal wall with a convex expansion developed in various degrees ; dorso-apical sclerite narrow, very long, attached to a small semicircular sclerotization at dorso-posterior angle of lateral wall ; hamulus narrow, membranous ; the lateral wall forms ventro-apically two small lobes which partially overlap ; posteriorly the lateral wall is at most feebly thickened ; with a well-developed ventro-basal sclerotization. Female (Fig. 194). Posterior margin of sternum VII with a triangular dorso-lateral lobe. One or a few small setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Distribution. Mountainous areas in SWITZERLAND, adjacent portions of SOUTHERN FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA and ITALY, JUGOSLAVIA, PYRENEES (one ? orphilus ssp. in Tring collection). Hosts. Microtinae. nivalis nivaUs Rothschild, 1909, Novit. zool. 16 : 68, pi. n, figs. 13, 14. South-east France (Hautes-Alpes and Haute-Savoie) . nivalis cervinus Jordan & Rothschild, 1920, Ectoparasites i : 100, figs. 85, 87. Switzerland. nivalis helvetius Smit, 1963, Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. 36 : 100, figs 3, 4, 7. Switzerland. nifetodes nifetodes Wagner, 1933, Konowia n : 279, fig. 5. Jugoslavia (Montenegro, Bosna). nifetodes brelihi Rosicky & Carnelutti, 1959, Csl. Parasitol. 6 : 140, 147, figs. 8-n. Jugoslavia (Slovenia). nifetodes eugeniae Wagner, 1938, Konowia 16 : 253, fig. 2. Jugoslavia (Hercegovina). nifetodes martinorum Smit, 1957, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 10 : 314, figs. 16, 17, 19, 22. Jugoslavia (Makedonija). orphilus orphilus Jordan & Rothschild, 1923, Ectoparasites i : 288, fig. 281. Switzer- land, adjacent parts of southern France, Germany and Austria, not further east than about 11 15' E. orphilus dolomiticus Jordan, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 175, fig. 3. Italy (Dolomites), parts of Austria and southern Germany not further west than about 11 15' E. 126 F. G. A. M. SMIT dolomydis-sub&roup Area communis absent in male, present in female. Eye vestigial. Labial palp reaching apex of fore coxa or slightly beyond. Pronotal ctenidium with 16 spines in both sexes. Basal sternum with some lateral setae. Male (Figs. 49, 82, 144). Ventral margin of sternum VIII apically emarginate. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper with three long and several shorter slender setae. Distal arm of sternum IX rather short, its apical margin oblique. Phallosome : dorsal wall of aedeagus straight, without an expansion ; dorso-apical sclerite of medium length ; hamulus not sclero- tized and inapparent ; ventro-apically the lateral wall forms one small lobe ; posteriorly the lateral wall bears no sclerotizations ; with a well-developed ventro-basal sclerotization. Female (Fig. 198). Sternum VII with a large triangular lobe and a smaller ventral one. A few small setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Distribution. CENTRAL JUGOSLAVIA. Host. Dolomys. dolomydis Smit, 1957, Ann. Mag. not. Hist. (12) 10 : 317, figs. 20, 21, 23-26. Jugo- slavia (Bosna). russulae-subgroup Area communis present in both sexes. First spine of genal ctenidium rather short. Labial palp reaching to about lenth of fore coxa. Pronotal ctenidium with 16 spines in both sexes. Basal sternum without lateral setae. Male (Figs. 48, 83, 141). Ventral margin of sternum VIII apically deeply emarginate. Dorsal lobe of fixed process with two long and a few shorter setae. Distal arm of sternum IX slender basally but broadening to oblique apical margin ; proximal arm straight and narrow. Phallosome : dorso-apical sclerite much thickened and very long, hence dorsal wall of aedeagus forming a large triangular apical expansion ; hamulus rectangular, not strongly sclerotized ; ventro-apically the lateral wall forms a very small sharp lobe ; lateral wall posteriorly not sclerotized ; ventro-basal sclerotization virtually absent ; aedeagal apodeme relatively wider than in other members of the subgenus. Female (Fig. 192). Sternum VII as in dolomydis-group except dorso-lateral lobe squarer and subventral sinus narrower. No setae in front of spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Distribution. NORTH AFRICA, SARDINIA. Host. Crocidura. russulae Jordan & Rothschild, 1912, Novit. zool. 19 : 365, pi. 10, figs. 12, 13. Algeria, Sardinia. go/ovj-subgroup Area communis absent in male, present in female. Labial palp reaching apex of fore coxa. Pronotal ctenidium with 18 spines in male, 16 in female. Basal sternum with some lateral setae. Male (Figs. 54, 84, 145). Ventral margin of sternum VIII apically emarginate in varying degrees, emargination almost absent in kirschenblatti. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper with three long setae and several shorter ones. Distal arm of sternum IX fairly broad. Phallosome : dorsal wall of aedeagus straight, without an expansion ; dorso-apical sclerite of medium length, narrow ; hamulus quadrangular, well sclerotized, especially posteriorly ; lateral wall ventro-apically drawn out into a sharp hook-like extension and posteriorly not sclerotized ; without a ventro-basal sclerotization. Female. Sternum VII with two or three lobes. A few small setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 127 Distribution. CAUCASUS. Hosts. Citellus and other rodents. golovi golovi loff & Tiflov, 1930, Mag. Parasit., Leningr. i : 215, 227. figs. 11, 12. Northern regions of Caucasus. golovi alpestris Argyropulo, 1935, Z. Aserbeid. Inst. Microbiol. 5 : 188, fig. 67(2). Azerbaidzhan. bifurcus loff, 1940, Mag. Parasit., Leningr. 7 : 219, 227, fig. u. Middle Caucasus. chionomydis loff & Rostigayev, 1950, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 19 : 271. Western Caucasus. kirschenblatti Argyropulo, 1936, Konowia 15 : 145, figs, i, 2. Gruziya. Head (Figs. 7-10). Area communis absent in male, present in female. Eye moderately well developed except in gratus in which it is vestigial. First genal spine not very markedly shorter or narrower than second ; ratio of spines i : 1-2 : 1-4 or 1-5, except in grafts-subgroup in which it is i : 1-2 : 1-7. Labial palp reaching to two-thirds or | length of fore coxa ; with a curved pre-apical seta. Anterior occipital row of two setae, middle row of three and interspace between middle seta and upper one smaller than between former and lower one. Interspace between lowest and penultimate setae of the posterior occipital row not much larger than those between other setae of row. Thorax. Pronotum shorter than or subequal to pronotal spines. Pronotal ctenidium with 1 8 spines in male and 16 in female in assimilis-, parvus-, orientalis- and ^n'sfo'cws-subgroups, in gratus- and breviatus-subgroups the number in female is 16 but in male it varies from 16-18, the former number being commoner in all species. Normal arrangement of pseudosetae under mesonotal collar, except in gratus sspp. which often have only one or two dorsal pseudosetae each side. About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa either complete or dorsally interrupted in varying degrees. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching to tip of third segment or to about middle of fourth. Three pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment. Abdomen. Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII conical, except in gratus (Fig. 35) in which they are more or less circular ; spiracular fossa of tergum VIII of female broad (much reduced in gratus, congener tenuistigmatus and Y-shaped in pisticus). One seta (the lowest of the tergal main rows) below level of tergal spiracular fossae. Basal sternum with a few lateral setae in only the female of a few species ; cuticular ridges of this sternum not forming a finger-print pattern. Male (Figs. 51, 56, 57, 64, 65, 69, 85-94, 146-154). Sternum VIII with a broadly rounded posterior margin which is at least partially finely serrate. Apodeme of tergum IX with an area fusoria. Corpus of clasper with a triangular internal ventral sclerotization. Fixed process of clasper with a usually large dorsal lobe and a short ventral lobe which is always rather narrow, while it is not differentiated in arvalis and orientalis. Dorsal lobe of fixed process with 35 large marginal or submarginal setae ; ventral lobe with a small dorso-apical seta, except in iranus (orientalis-subgroup) . Movable process of a basically elongate rectangular shape, often narrowed in lower half ; with 5-10 sensilla along dorso-anterior angle. Fovea ovoid or circular. Four tetrad setae (except in iranus which has 3), situated well below dorso-posterior angle which is usually markedly sclerotized. Distal arm of sternum IX rather broad and obtuse and of medium length (except in pollex in which it is subequal to proximal arm). Phallosome : aedeagus with a dorsal expansion which may be broad, long and narrow, or very little developed ; with a ventro-basal sclerotization ; posterior margin not strongly sclerotized ; aedeagal apodeme narrow (except in pollex}. 128 F. G. A. M. SMIT Female (Figs. 195, 196). Sternum VII usually with a squarish dorsal lobe, below which often a smaller rounded lobe. No setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII (except in breviatus-subgroup, iranus, pisticus and wagneri}. Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded, dorsally often with a small lobe. Tergum VIII anteriorly with a single or double unciform sclerotization in assimilis- and orientalis-subgroups. Apical short and stout seta of preventral row of tergum VIII situated very close to and above penultimate seta. Sternum VIII with a narrow apex ; base of sternum VIII strongly sclerotized in several species. Ductus bursae at most as long as dorsal pronotal spines in assimilis- and ^ns^cws-subgroups, longer in the other groups. Spermatheca of normal shape and size ; hilla shorter than bulga. Distribution. PALAEARCTIC REGION. Hosts. Predominantly on Microtinae ; orientalis-, pisticus-subgroup and a few members of the breviatus-subgroup on Sciuridae, while gratus has become a Spalax parasite. This group can be divided into six subgroups. assimilis -subgroup Labial palp reaching to two-thirds length of fore coxa. Basal sternum of female normally without lateral setae. Male (Figs. 69, 85, 86, 146). No setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper large but not much differentiated, with three or four long setae and several shorter ones ; ventral lobe short and obtuse. Distal arm of sternum IX short and broad, not or hardly tapering caudad, with a straight apical margin. Phallosome : aedeagus with a broad basal and large dorsal expansion ; dorso-apical sclerite long and slender ; hamulus not strongly sclerotized, narrow and curved forward ; lateral wall ventrally with a tooth-like projection. Female (Fig. 195). Posterior margin of sternum VII with a large, often blunt, dorsal lobe below which usually a smaller rounded lobe. Tergum VIII anteriorly with a single or double unciform sclerotization. Ductus bursae shorter than dorsal pronotal spines. Hosts. Microtine rodents. assimilis (Taschenberg, 1880), Die Flohe : 95, pi. 4 figs. 27a, b (as Typhlopsylla) . bogatschevi Wagner & Argyropulo, 1934, Z. Parasitenk. 7 : 288, figs. 8-10. Azer- baidzhan. congener congener Rothschild, 1907, Novit. zool. 14 : 331, fig. 5. congener allousei Hubbard, 1956, Iraq not. Hist. Mus. Publ. (n) : 3, fig. 2 (lower part). Iraq. congener asiaticus Argyropulo, 1935, Z. Aserbeid. Inst. Microbiol. 5 : 194, fig. 74(2). Transcaucasia. congener bureschi Rosicky, 1959, Acta Acad. Sci. czechoslov. brun. 31 : 331, figs. 10, I2a. South-west Bulgaria. congener geminus Peus, 1959, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 35 : 98, figs. 7, 8. Sicily. congener italoscopus Peus, 1958, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 34 : 163, figs. 26 A-C. Greece. congener levadianus Peus, 1958, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 34 : 162, figs. 25 A, B. Greece. congener secundus Wagner, 1916, Trud. Mus. Tavr. Gub. Zemstva (1914) : 5> n g- 4- Crimea. congener tenuistigmatus Smit, 1960, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent. 8 : 341, figs. 8, 9. Israel. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTH ALMUS 129 congener troilus Peus, 1954, Bonn. zool. Beitr., Sonderb. 1954 : 126, figs, n, 12. Greece. congener vicarius Jordan & Rothschild, 1921, Ectoparasites I : 135, figs, no, in. Romania. congeneroides congeneroides Wagner, 1930, Annu. Mus. zool. Acad. St. Petersb. 30 : 537. Russian Far East, Korea, Japan. congeneroides truncus loff & Scalon, 1950, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 19 : 272. Sakhalin, Japan. crudelis Jordan, 1932, Novit. zool. 38 : 269, fig. 25. Yunnan. intermedius Argyropulo, 1935, Z. Azerbeid. Inst. Microbiol. 5 : 194, figs. 73(3), 756. Azerbaidzhan. obtusus Jordan & Rothschild, 1912, Novit. zool. 19 : 60, figs. 3, 4. Norway, Central Europe. savii Jordan & Rothschild, 1921, Ectoparasites i : 137, fig. 112. Italy. tatianae Argyropulo, 1936, Konowia 15 : 148, figs. 3, 4. Transcaucasia. uncinatus (Wagner, 1898), HoraeSoc. ent. ross. 31 : 590, pi. 9 fig. 24, pi. 10 fig. 29 (as Typhlopsylla] . grafts-subgroup Eye vestigial. Labial palp reaching to | length of fore coxa. First two genal spines separated by a small interspace ; a fourth small or fairly large genal spine, situated above the third spine, present in grains gratus (Figs. 9, 10) and gratus elaeus. Pronotum in some specimens with two rows of setae. One or two pseudosetae under mesonotal collar, the ventral one often absent. Tergal spiracular fossae oval or almost circular (Fig. 35), not conical as in members of the other subgroups of the as similis -group. Male (Figs. 87, 147). Modified abdominal segments and phallosome of same type as in members of assimilis-subgroup. Female. Tergum VIII anteriorly with or without an unciform sclerotization. Ductus bursae subequal to dorsal pronotal spines. Hosts. Spalax spp. gratus gratus Jordan & Rothschild, 1920, Ectoparasites i : 123, figs. 102, 103. Greece. gratus elaeus Peus, 1958, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 34 : 160, figs. 24A-C. Greece. gratus menoetius Peus, 1954, Bonn. zool. Beitr., Sonderb. 1954: 125, figs. cjD, E, xoB. Greece. porvi/s-subgroup Labial palp reaching to two-thirds length of fore coxa. Basal abdominal sternum of female with a few lateral setae. Male (Figs. 88, 148). Modified abdominal segments similar to those of members of the assimilis-group. Phallosome : dorsal expansion of aedeagus apparently quite large (it is distorted in the only male available for study) ; dorso-apical sclerite very short ; hamulus membranous ; lateral wall ventrally without a sharp hook-like projection. Female. Tergum VIII anteriorly without an unciform sclerotization. Ductus bursae shorter than dorsal pronotal spines. In other respects similar to females of the assimilis- subgroup. Hosts. Microtine rodents (parvus has also been found on Apodemus and, presum- ably accidentally, on Talpa). 130 F. G. A. M. SMIT parvus Argyropulo, 1935, Z. Aserbeid. Inst. Microbiol. 5 : 194, figs. 72, 73(4). Caucasus. shovi Rostigayev, 1948, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 17 : 252, figs. 1-3. Gruziya. breviatus-sub&roup Labial palp reaching to length of fore coxa. Pronotal ctenidium with 16 spines in female and 18 in male in breviatus in other species of this subgroup (of which I have seen insufficient material) 16 appears to be the usual number for male as well. Male (Figs. 64, 65, 89, 90, 151, 152). Tergum VIII with one or a few short setae in front of the spiracular fossa. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper not very large ; ventral lobe developed in varying degrees, virtually absent in arvalis, fairly long in pollex. Movable process not markedly narrower in lower half. Distal arm of st. IX widening caudad. Phallosome : aedeagus with a long, narrow, upright expansion ; dorso-apical sclerite short and broad ; hamulus elongate and of rather irregular shape, not strongly sclerotized ; ventro- posterior angle of lateral wall of aedeagus drawn out into a narrow projection ; median lamella of aedeagal apodeme narrow, except in pollex, in which it is very broad. Female. Tergum VIII anteriorly without an unciform sclerotization. Ductus bursae longer than dorsal pronotal spines. Hosts. Microtinae, but pollex and breviatus mainly on Citellus. arvalis Wagner & loff, 1926, Rev. Microbiol., Saratov 5 : 76, fig. N. S.E. European U.S.S.R. breviatus Wagner & loff, 1926, Rev, Microbiol., Saratov 5 : 75, pi. 2 fig. 4. S.E. European U.S.S.R. kazbek Tiflov, 1953, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 22 : 464. Caucasus. pollex Wagner & loff, 1926, Rev. Microbiol., Saratov 5 : 75, fig. L, pi. 2 fig. 3. S.E. European U.S.S.R. teres loff & Argyropulo, 1934, Z. Parasitenk. 7 : 160, figs. 16, 17. Armenia. wladimiri Isayeva-Gurvich, 1948, Izv. Akad. Nauk. Azerb. S.S.R. 5 : 89. Azer- baidzhan. orient alis-sub&roup Labial palp reaching to two-thirds or length of fore coxa. Male (Figs. 56, 91-93, 149, 150, 153). No setae anterior to spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper large or fairly large ; ventral lobe developed in varying degrees, virtually absent in orientalis, very long in wagneri. Movable process variable ; three tetrad setae in iranus, four in the other species. Distal arm of sternum IX short. Phallosome : aedeagus with a low dorsal expansion in wagneri and orientalis, a larger one in iranus ; dorso-apical sclerite very large in orientalis, of normal size in other species ; hamulus rather large but hardly sclerotized and therefore indistinct ; ventral area of lateral aedeagal wall striated longitudinally. Female (Fig. 196). Tergum VIII anteriorly with a single or double unciform sclerotization. Ductus bursae longer than dorsal pronotal spines. Hosts. Microtinae ; orientalis exceptional in occurring on Citellus. hypanis hypanis loff, 1950, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 19 : 272, Caucasus. hypanis riciensis loff, 1953, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 22 : 464. Gruziya. iranus iranus Argyropulo, 1935, Z. Aserb. Inst. Microbiol. 5 : 193, figs. 71, 73(6). Transcaucasus. SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTH ALMUS 131 iranus persicus Smit, 1960, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.}, Ent. 8 : 341, figs. 10-13. Iran. orientalis (Wagner, 1898), HoraeSoc. ent. ross. 31 : 591, pi. 10 fig. 30 (as Typhlopsylla) . East and central Europe from steppes north of Caspian Sea to East Germany and Austria. wagneri wagneri Tiflov, 1927, C. R. Congr. antipest. U.R.S.S. : 272, figs. I, 2. Caucasus area. wagneri krym loff, 1953, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 22 : 464. Crimea. wagneri schuriscus loff, 1940, Mag. Parasit., Leningr. 7 : 218, fig. 10. Caucasus. pisticus-sub&roup Labial palp reaching to | length of fore coxa. Male (Figs. 57, 94, 154). Tergum VIII with one or a few setae in front of the spiracular fossa. Sternum VIII short, middle of posterior margin broadly concave. Dorsal lobe of fixed process of clasper well developed, as is the triangular ventral lobe. Distal arm of sternum IX long and of medium width. Movable process narrowed in lower half. Phallosome : aedeagus only a little expanded dorsally ; dorso-apical sclerite narrow and fairly long ; hamulus broad and short, feebly sclerotized ; ventro-apical angle of lateral wall drawn out into a curved sharp process. Female. Tergum VIII without an unciform sclerotization ; with setae anterior to spiracular fossa. Ductus bursae shorter than dorsal pronotal spines. Hosts. Sciuridae. pisticus pisticus Jordan & Rothschild, 1921, Ectoparasites I : 134, fig. 109. Siberia. pisticus pacificus loff & Scalon, 1950, Med. Parazitol., Moskva 19 : 271. Russian Far East. parct/s-group Head (Figs. 14, 15). Area communis absent in both sexes. Eye vestigial. First genal spine a little shorter and narrower than the second ; ratio of spines i :i-2:i-5ori-6. Labial palp reaching to two-thirds or | the length of the fore coxa ; with a curved apical seta. Anterior occipital row of two setae, middle row of three and the interspace between the upper two is smaller than between the lower two. Thorax. Pronotum shorter than length of pronotal spines. Pronotal ctenidium with 18 spines in both sexes. Normal arrangement of pseudosetae under mesonotal collar. About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa dorsally interrupted. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching to about the middle of the fourth segment. Three pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment. Abdomen. Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII conical, that of tergum VIII Y-shaped. One seta (the lowest of the tergal main rows) below the level of the tergal spiracular fossae. Basal sternum without lateral setae. Male (Figs. 103, 104, 155, 156). Tergum VIII without setae anterior to spiracular fossa. Sternum VIII with a finely serrate rounded posterior margin. Apodeme of tergum IX with an area fusoria. Corpus of clasper with a small triangular ventral internal incrassation in C. formo- sanus only, the incrassation apparently absent in the other species. Fixed process of clasper divided by a shallow sinus into two short or very short lobes, the lower (ventro-posterior) of which is not sinuate. Dorsal lobe of fixed process with three or four long setae. Ventral lobe of fixed process with a small seta. Movable process roughly quadrangular, with only four longish basiconiform sensilla along the dorso-anterior angle. Fovea circular or oval. Four tetrad 132 F. G. A. M. SMIT setae, placed well below the sclerotized dorso-posterior angle. Distal arm of sternum IX very short or of medium length, with at least some of its setae longish. Aedeagus with a fairly small triangular dorsal expansion and without a ventro-basal sclerotization ; dorso-apical sclerite with a long and narrow dorsal extension ; aedeagal apodeme narrow and apically curved upwards. Female (Fig. 208). Sternum VII with a well developed dorsal lobe. No setae anterior to the spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded. Tergum VIII relatively very short and anteriorly with or without an unciform sclerotization. The apical seta of the preventral row of tergum VIII not much differentiated from the other setae and well separated from and not placed right above the penultimate seta. Sternum VIII well sclerotized over its entire length especially basally. Ductus bursae shorter than dorsal pronotal spines. Spermatheca small ; hilla shorter than bulga. Distribution. EASTERN ASIA. Hosts. Microtine rodents, especially on Eothenomys. dinormus Jordan, 1932, Novit. zool. 38 : 288, fig. 47. Szechuan. formosanus Svihla, 1942, Pan-Pacif. Ent. 18 : 133, figs. 1-3. Formosa. parcus Jordan, 1932, Novit. zool. 38 : 286, 288, figs. 44-45. Szechuan. quadratus Liu & Wu, 1960, Acta ent. sinica 10 : 172, pi. i, figs. 4-6, 10-12. Yunnan. yunnanus Jordan, 1932, Novit. zool. 38 : 287, fig. 46. Yunnan. dux- group Head. Area communis absent in male, present in female. Eye vestigial. First genal spine shorter and narrower than second spine ; ratio of spines i : 1-2 : 1-5. Labial palp reaching to the length of the fore coxa ; with a curved apical seta. Anterior occipital row of two, sometimes three, setae ; middle row of three setae and the interspace between the upper two smaller than between the lower two. Thorax. Pronotum somewhat shorter than length of pronotal spines. Pronotal ctenidium with 14 (occasionally 16) spines in both sexes. Normally only one or two subdorsal pseudosetae under mesonotal collar. About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa dorsally interrupted. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching to beyond the apex of the fourth segment. Four pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment. Abdomen (Fig. 40). Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII relatively small and longish, the one of tergum VIII Y-shaped (Fig. 40). One seta (the lowest of the tergal main rows) below the level of the tergal spiracular fossae. Basal sternum with one or a few lateral setae in both sexes. Male (Fig. 63, 95, 158). Sternum VIII with a smooth, rounded posterior margin, ventro- apically with a small sharp projection (Fig. 63). Apodeme of tergum IX with an area fusoria. Corpus of clasper without an internal ventral incrassation. Fixed process of clasper divided by a deep and fairly narrow sinus into a triangular dorsal lobe bearing three to five large setae and a finger-like lower lobe with a longish apical seta. Acetabular seta absent. Movable process long and rather narrow, gradually tapering towards a narrow apex ; with about 15 basiconiform sensilla along the dorso-anterior margin. Fovea absent. Four tetrad setae placed a little below the dorso-posterior angle. Distal arm of sternum IX as long as proximal arm, of unusual shape (Fig. 95) and with short setae only. Aedeagus without a marked dorsal expansion and basally only slightly sclerotized ; dorso-apical sclerite large ; lateral wall ventro- apically drawn out into an elongate blunt-tipped projection. Female (Fig. 203). Sternum VII bilobed. A few short setae anterior to the spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded. Tergum VIII anteriorly without an unciform sclerotization. The apical short and stout seta of the preventral SPECIES-GROUPS IN CTENOPHTHALMUS 133 row of tergum VIII well separated from, and placed obliquely above, the penultimate seta. Sternum VIII with a short but fairly broad apex ; base of sternum VIII not strongly sclerotized. Ductus bursae about as long as dorsal pronotal spines. Spermatheca of a rather unusual shape, without a sharp demarcation between hilla and bulga (Fig. 203). Distribution. CENTRAL ASIA. Host. Ellobius talpinus. dux Jordan & Rothschild, 1915, Ectoparasites I : 22, figs. 26, 27. Central Asia. dolichus-group Setae relatively very long and thin. Head (Figs. 16, 17). Area communis absent in male present in female. Eye clearly indicated. First genal spine shorter and narrower than second, third spine in female not markedly longer than second (it is in $) ; ratio of spines o* i : i -3 : 1-8, $ i : 1-3 : 1-5. Setae of frontal row quite long, especially in male. Labial palp reaching to apex of fore coxa ; with a curved apical seta. Anterior occipital row of two setae, middle row of three and the interspace between the upper two is smaller than between the lower two. Thorax (Fig. 44). Pronotum shorter than length of pronotal spines. Pronotal ctenidium with 14 spines in both sexes. Arrangement of pseudosetae under mesonotal collar abnormal, see Fig. 44. About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa complete. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching to beyond apex of fourth segment. Three pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment, but dolichus quadrinus is stated to have four pairs. Abdomen (Fig. 38). Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII small, elongate and somewhat constricted subapically (Fig. 38), the one on tergum VIII Y-shaped. One seta (the lowest of the tergal main rows) below the level of the spiracular fossae. Basal sternum occasionally with one or a few lateral setae in the female only. Male (Figs. 55, 96, 157). Sternum VIII posteriorly forming an elongate triangular poorly sclerotized lobe (Fig. 55). Apodeme of tergum IX without an area fusoria. Corpus of clasper without an internal ventral incrassation. Manubrium short. Fixed process of clasper divided into a broad upper lobe, bearing two to five long setae and a finger-like ventral lobe which lacks an apical short seta. Acetabular seta absent. Movable process elongate, not unlike the shape of a sugar-loaf ; upper (anterior) acetabular portion straight (unique in the genus) ; with 15 or more mostly long and slender basiconiform sensilla along the dorso- anterior margin. Fovea circular or oval. Four tetrad setae, situated well below dorso- posterior angle of movable process. Distal arm of sternum IX of medium length and tapering apically, with at least some of its setae long. Aedeagus without a dorsal expansion and without a ventro-basal sclerotization ; aedeagal apodeme narrow. Female (Fig. 200). Posterior margin of sternum VII bilobed. One or a few short setae anterior to the spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded. Tergum VIII anteriorly without an unciform sclerotization. The apical short and stout seta of the pre ventral row of tergum VIII well separated from and not placed above the penultimate seta. Sternum VIII with a short sclerotized narrow apex ; base of sternum VIII not strongly sclerotized. Ductus bursae shorter than dorsal pronotal spines. Sperma- theca normal, hilla shorter than bulga. Distribution. ASIA (from Caspian Sea to Mongolia). Hosts. Gerbillinae. dolichus dolichus Rothschild, 1913, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 8(12) : 539, pi. 14, figs, i, 2. Turkestan. dolichus bair loff, 1940, Mag. Parasit. Leningr. 7 : 220, 228, figs. 13, 15. Transcaspia. dolichus idae loff, 1940, Mag. Parasit. Leningr. 7 : 222, 228, fig. 14. Turkestan. 134 F - G. A. M. SMIT dolichus kysyl loff, 1953, Med. Parazitol., Moskva [22] (5) : 463. Uzbekistan. dolichus quadrinus loff, 1953, Med. Parazitol., Moskva [22] (5) : 463, Kirgizia. dolichus ursat loff, 1953, Med. Parazitol., Moskva [22] (5) : 463. Turkestan. dolichus ustjurt loff, 1940, Mag. Parasit. Leningr. 7 : 220, 228, fig. 12. Transcaspia. dilatatus-group Head (Fig. u). Area communis absent in male, present in female. Eye vestigial. Spines of genal comb relatively short, the first a little shorter than the second ; ratio of spines o* i : 1-3 : 1-5, $ i : 1-3 : 1-4. Labial palp reaching to well beyond the apex of the fore coxa ; with a curved apical seta. Anterior occipital row and middle row of two setae each. Thorax (Fig. 45). Pronotum dorsally longer than length of pronotal spines. Pronotal ctenidium with 14 spines in both sexes. Pseudosetae under mesonotal collar arranged as in Fig. 45. About half-a-dozen setae on metepimeron. Legs. Sulcus of mid coxa dorsally interrupted. Longest apical seta of second hind tarsal segment reaching to beyond the apex of the fourth segment. Three pairs of lateral plantar setae on fifth hind tarsal segment. Abdomen (Fig. 39). Spiracular fossae of metepimeron and terga II-VII small, longish and somewhat constricted in the middle, the one on tergum VIII Y-shaped (Fig. 39). One or two setae of the tergal main rows below the level of the tergal spiracular fossae. Basal sternum with some lateral setae in female only. Male (Figs. 61, 97, 159). Sternum VIII abnormal, see Fig. 61 ; with a smooth posterior margin ; tergum VIII with several small setae anterior to the spiracular fossa. Apodeme of tergum IX with a very small area fusoria. The corpus of clasper without an internal ventral incrassation ; manubrium large. Dorsal lobe of fixed process with about half-a-dozen large setae ; ventral lobe divided into a squarish (median) lobe, bearing the short apical seta and situated below the movable process, and a rounded ventral lobe with 4-6 marginal setae. Movable process quadrangular, with 15 or more basiconiform sensilla along the rounded dorso- anterior margin. Fovea elongate. Five tetrad setae, situated well below dorso-posterior angle of movable process. Distal arm of sternum IX of medium length but very broad, with short setae only. Aedeagus without a dorsal expansion and without a ventro-basal sclerotiza- tion ; aedeagal apodeme straight and very narrow ; lunular sclerite bulbiferous dorso-anteriorly (a most unusual modification). Female (Fig. 199). Sternum VII with a lateral sinus dividing a large dorsal triangular lobe from a much smaller ventral one. A number of small setae anterior to the spiracular fossa of tergum VIII. Posterior margin of tergum VIII broadly rounded. Tergum VIII anteriorly without an unciform sclerotization. The apical stout seta of the preventral row of tergum VIII well separated from and not placed above the penultimate seta. Sternum VIII with a short and rather narrow apex ; base of sternum VIII strongly sclerotized. Ductus bursae shorter than dorsal pronotal spines. Spermatheca of normal shape and size ; hilla shorter than bulga. Distribution. CENTRAL ASIA. Host. Myospalax. dilatatus Wagner, 1928, Annu. Mus. zool. Acad. St. Peter sb. 30 : 27, fig. 7. Central Asia. spalacis-Qroup Head (Fig. 4). Area communis absent in male, present in female. Frontal wall fairly thick. Eye vestigial. Genal spines rather stout and blunt, with a distinct gap between the first and the second spines ; ratio of spines 55, 96, 157, 200 bair 133 idae 133 kysyl 134 quadrinus J 34 ursat 134 ustjurt 134 dolomydis 126 ; Figs. 2, 5, 49, 82, 144, 198 dux 133 ; Figs. 4, 6 3, 95, 158, 203 edwardsi 139 ; Figs. 13, 41, no, 167 engis Euctenophthalmus eumeces evidens evidens elgonensis modicus eximius expansus fissurus flagellatus formosanus gigantospalacis gigantospalacis uralospalacis golovi golovi alpestris elegans gratus gratus elaeus menoetius haagi hispanicus hypanis hypanis riciensis inornatus intermedius iranus iranus persicus isochaetus jeanneli kazbek kirschenblatti luberensis lycosius 146 118 145 ; Figs. 27, 119, 176 143 ; Figs. 113, 173 143, 147 146 ; Figs. 120, 181, 206 140 137 132 ; Figs. 103, 155 135 ; Fig. 98 135, 148 ; Fig. i 60 127 ; Figs. 54, 84, 145 127 148 129 ; Figs. 9, 10, 23, 35, 87, 147 129 129 141 121, 148 ; Figs. 71, 132 130 130 137 ; Figs. 26, 101, 163 129 130 131 ; Figs. 56, 92, 149, 196 148 135 130 127 146 ; Figs. 129, 185 143 ; Figs. 114, 175 monticola moratus natalensis Neoctenophthalmus nifetodes nifetodes brehili eugeniae martinorum nivalis nivalis cervmus helvetius nobilis nobilis dobyi vulgaris nyikensis obtusus olbius ominosus orientalis kratochvili orphilus orphilus dolomiticus heinrichi tatricus Palaeoctenophthalmus Paractenophthalmus parcus particularis parvus phrator phyris INDEX 136 ; Figs. pisticus pisticus 67, 204 141 ; Figs. pacificus in, 171 pollex 144 proximus 118 125; Fig. 66 pseudagyrtes pseudagyrtes 125 125 ; Fig. 194 micropus 125 ; Figs. quadratus 6, 81, 143 125 ; Figs. rettigi 30, 50, 80, 142 125 125 ruris 121 ; Fig. i karamani 121 russulae 121 145 ; Fig- 177 duds 129 ; Fig. sanborni 146 saratovi 148 savii 146 segregus 142 ; Figs. shovi 60, 112, singularis 172, 211 131 ; Figs. sklavinus 9i, 153 smithersi 148 125; Fig. 21 solutus solutus 125 148 siculus 148 spalacis 118 118 Spalacoctenophthalmus 132 ; Figs. Spalacopsylla 14, 15, 104, stenurus 156, 208 140 ; Figs. 18, 19, 58, tatianae 107, 170, teres 209 tertius 130 ; Figs. triodontus 88, 148 148 turcicus 146 ; Figs. 126, 184 151 131 ; Figs. 57, 94. 154 131 130 ; Figs. 90, 152 122 ; Figs. 76, 137 141 ; Figs. 53. 102, 169, 202 I 4 I 132 138 ; Figs. 3. 3i, 37. 1 06, 164, 201 I 3 6 148 126 ; Figs. 48, 83, 141, 192 148 141 148 129 148 130 146 ; Figs. 123, 186 148 146 ; Figs. 128, 189 122 ; Figs. 77. 138, 193 122 135 ; Figs. 4. 24, 36, 197 118 118 145 ; Figs. 118, 178 129 1 30; Fig. 64 141; Fig. 12 139 ; Figs. 108, 168 137 ; Figs. 25, 100, 162, 205 I52 INDEX Typhlopsylla 118 wagneri wagneri 131; Figs. typhlus ' 148 93. 150 uncinatus 129; Fig. 22 kr y m schunscus 131 vanhoofi 146 ; Figs. w i a dimiri 130 127, 187 verutus 145 yunnanus 132 ENTO. 14, 3. 4. PLATE i FIGS. i-io. Head, <$, of (i) Ctenophthalmus nobilis nobilis (Rothschild) (nr. Worthing, England) ; (4) C. spalacis Jordan & Rothschild (nr. Saratov, U.S.S.R.). Head and pronotum, <$, of (2) C. dolomydis Smit (holotype) ; (3) C. rettigi Rothschild (Dobrogea, Romania). Genal ctenidium of (5) C. dolomydis Smit, $ (allotype) ; (6) C. nifetodes martinorum Smit, $ (paratype) ; (7, 8) C. assimilis (Taschenberg) $$ resp. (Purgstall, Austria) ; (9, 10) C. grains grains Jordan & Rothschild, $$ resp. (Kolchikon, Greece). Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 14, 3 PLATE i PLATE 2 FIGS. 11-19. Head, <$, of (n) Ctenophthalmus dilatatus Wagner (Tarbagatai Mts., E. Kazakhstan) ; (12) C. tertius Smit (holotype) ; (13) C. edwardsi Jordan (Mt. Elgon, Kenya). Genal ctenidium of (14, 15) C. parcus Jordan <$$ (paratypes) ; (16, 17) C. dolichus dolichus Rothschild , of (207) C. audax Jordan & Rothschild (paratype). Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 14, 3 PLATE 56 KNTO. 14, 3. 11. PLATE 57 FIGS. 208-210. Sternum VII and segment VIII, ?, of (208) Ctenophthalmus parcus Jordan (paratype). Sternum VII, segment VIII and spermatheca, ?, of (209) C. particulars Berteaux (allotype). Sternum VII, segment VIII and genitalia, ?, of (210) C. acunus Jordan (allotype). Bull. B.M. (N.H.}Entom. 14, 3 PLATE 57 2IO PL ATE 58 FIGS. 2 1 1-2 1 2. Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia, $, of (211) Ctenophthalmus ominosus Smit (allotype). Genitalia of (212) C. debrauwerei Berteaux. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 14, 3 PLATE58 211 212 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED LONDON A REVISION OF THE GENUS^ DERETRICHIA WEISE \^ ^ (COLEOPTERA : EUMOLPIDAE)^S_s^ B. J. SELMAN BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. 4 LONDON : 1963 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE (COLEOPTERA : EUMOLPIDAE) BY B. J. SELMAN Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, "l^Qndon Pp. 153-196 ; 13 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 14 No. 4 LONDON : 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 14, No. 4 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued 9 October, 1963 Price Thirteen Shillings A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE (COLEOPTERA : EUMOLPIDAE) By B. J. SELMAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .......... 155 DISTRIBUTION ........... 156 Deretrichia Weise Notes on terms used ......... 158 Key to the species of Deretrichia . . . . . . . 161 Location and designation of types . . . . . . 163 Descriptions .......... 164 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 195 REFERENCES ........... 195 INDEX ............ 196 SYNOPSIS The genus Deretrichia Weise is confined to the islands of S.W. Melanesia from the Molucca Islands to the Solomon Islands and Australia. Nineteen species are redescribed and twenty-two new species described and a key to the forty-one species prepared. Lectotypes have been selected wherever appropriate. The limits of the genus are redefined and its relationships discussed. The terminology and homologies of the prothorax within the Eumolpidae are discussed with particular reference to Deretrichia. INTRODUCTION THE little-known Australasian genus Deretrichia was erected in 1912 for the reception of six species which were transferred from the genus Rhyparida (Baly, 1861), a very large genus found throughout S.E. Asia and the Pacific. In this paper 22 new species of Deretrichia are described and 13 further species are transferred from the genus Rhyparida, making a total of 41 species. Ultimately the genus may be much larger than it is now. Of the original six species in the genus, five were described by Baly (1867), and one by Jacoby (1894). The material examined came from the collections of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and from the museums of Berlin-Dahlem, Genoa, Cambridge Massachusetts, Leyden and Paris, and com- prised captures made by A. R. Wallace and C. Allen (1854-63) throughout the south-western Pacific islands including north-eastern Dutch New Guinea, W. Doherty (1892) in Dutch New Guinea and Tenember, F. Muir (1907) in Larat, L. M. Albertis (1872-75) in Australia and New Guinea, L. E. Cheesman (1934-36) and J. Schreurs (1961) in Dutch New Guinea, Loria (1892-95) in Papua, O. Baccari ( I 873) in Amboina, and Woodford (1887) in the Solomon Islands. Unfortunately in almost every locality the number of specimens collected was very small. More- over, subsequent collecting in the same areas has seldom yielded further specimens. Although the reason for this is not known, the scarcity may be due to the subsequent clearance of coastal belts of forest. Wallace himself (1869) commented on the ENTOM 14 4 2 156 B. J. SELMAN extreme paucity of insects in cleared areas and recently Deretrichia species have been collected only in regions, e.g. New Guinea, where large areas of the coastal forest belt have survived. Because of the rarity of the species and the possibility that some may already have become extinct, it was decided to describe new species from unique specimens provided that these have good diagnostic characters. DISTRIBUTION The genus Deretrichia is found in Australia, New Guinea and the associated off-shore islands (Fig. 3). There are 20 species from the Molucca Islands, 15 from New Guinea including 10 from Dutch New Guinea and one species each from Timor, Larat, the Solomon Islands, Tasmania, Queensland and Borneo. No specimens have been found in Celebes in spite of the intensive collecting of A. R. Wallace and other later entomologists. The type locality of the species from Borneo, D. laticollis (Baly), is doubtful ; the locality labels are not the originals and no other specimens have been found west of the Molucca Islands. Therefore Deretrichia, with the doubtful exception of D. laticollis, is found only on the eastern side of Wallace's line ; that is in the Austro-Malayan region. In this it differs greatly from Rhyparida. The absence of species of Deretrichia in Celebes is unexpected, in view of the fact that numerous species have been collected from most of the larger islands between Celebes and New Guinea. The furthest east TABLE I. Distribution list of Deretrichia from the Molucca Islands Batchian Q j3 MM "3 en 5. 8 Ternate 3 O 3f '3 C/3 "to tt 43 3 C/3 Ceram Amboina >> --> 1 D. alternata (Baly) X X D. amboinensis* X D. approximata (Baly) X D. batchianica* X D. bipustulata (Baly) X D. brunnea (Baly) X . D. bryanti* .... X D. flebilis* .... X D. giloloensis* .... X D. intermedia (Baly) . X . D. nigra* .... X D. pallidocaudata* X D. rothschildi (Jacoby) X . D. ruginotum* .... X X D. semipunctata (Baly) X . D. separata (Baly) X D. sordida (Baly) X X D. sulcicollis (Baly) X D. tibialis (Baly) . . . . X . D. wallacei* .... X . "signifies a new species. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 157 that Deretrichia has been found is Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Although only two species have been found in Australia, one in Tasmania and the other in Queensland, it is expected that many more species will be found there. It is likely that some species previously described in the genus Rhyparida will be transferred to the genus Deretrichia. DERETRICHIA Weise Deretrichia Weise, 1912 : 425. Type species : Deretrichia tibialis (Baly, 1867) : 183. Body approximately twice as long as broad, shining, glabrous. Head exserted, antennae elongate and filiform. Thorax transverse, pronotum with distinct lateral margins, posterior angles distinct and each armed with a seta, anterior margin rounded and lacking angles and as as B FIG. i. Prothorax, lateral and dorsal view. A, Deretrichia sp. B, Rhyparida sp. pr. pronotum ; as. anterior seta ; ps. posterior seta ; epst. episternum ; 1st. lateral arms of sternum. 158 B. J. SELMAN setae, prothoracic sternites with a long seta at the junction of the antero-dorsal corner of the isolated lateral prolongations of the prosternum and the antero-ventral corner of the episternum (Text-figs, i, 2) ; legs robust, femora usually with a tooth mid-way along the ventral surface, anterior tibiae often ridged and in the male, usually with a blunt tooth mid-way along the dorsal surface, middle and posterior tibiae strongly emarginate at the apex and usually ridged, tarsal claws bifid. Scutellum usually cordiform, approximately as broad as long. Elytra punctate-striate with the punctures obsolete at the apices. The original diagnosis of the genus Deretrichia (Weise, 1912) was in the form of a short note stating the differentiating character : i.e. that in Deretrichia the anterior prothoracic setae are borne low down on the sides of the prothorax at the point where the corners of the episternum and the lateral prolongations of the sternum meet. In Rhyparida the setae are borne at the anterior corners of the pronotum. This has proved to be an excellent differentiating character (Text-fig, i, A, B). In Nodostoma, the only other genus with which Deretrichia might be confused, the thorax is almost identical with that of Rhyparida, and the anterior setae are borne at the anterior corners of the pronotum. Moreover, the tarsal claws are invariably appendiculate and never bifid as in Deretrichia. NOTES ON THE TERMS USED There are many terms for the head sclerite lying immediately anterior to the Y sutures of the head and posterior to the basal articulation of the labrum. In the Eumolpidae this sclerite is single, apparently originating from the fusion of the frons with the clypeus. This fused sclerite is called the fronto-clypeus (Text-fig. 4, A). The anterior edge of the fronto-clypeus is emarginate. The degree of emargination is a constant specific character and is expressed as a fraction of the circumference of a circle. For example, in Text-fig. 4, B the emargination forms a semicircle ; in Text-fig. 4, A, one quarter the circumference of a circle. The region of the head posterior to the Y sutures is termed the epicranium and it is bisected longitudinally by the epicranial suture. In Deretrichia, the epicranial suture never extends to the back of the head and in a few cases is not continuous with the Y sutures. The length of the epicranial suture is measured by referring to an imaginary line drawn across the back of the eyes. In Text-fig. 4, A the epicranial suture extends to a point on a level with the back of the eyes. Unfortunately much confusion exists over the terminology of the prothorax of the Eumolpidae. In the more primitive genera of the family, e.g. Chiloscena, Macrolema, Spilopyra, there is a simple broad sternum with long lateral arms as in the Halticidae (Text-fig. 2, A, B). In the majority of genera, the prothoracic coxae are far forward, touching or almost touching the extreme anterior border of the sternum, thus isolating the lateral arms of the sternum (Text-fig. 2, c, D) which have frequently been misnamed, e.g. episternum (Jacoby, 1908), pro-epimeron (Bechyne", 1957 a, b). Weise (1912) rightly described these sclerites as lateral prolongations of the sternum. The examination of material from many other genera of Eumolpidae has shown that the setae normally associated with the antero-lateral corners of the pronotum may be situated anywhere along the anterior border of the episternum. In the A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 159 as as A ps B FIG. 2. Prothorax ventral view. A, Cheiloscena sp. B, Spilopyra sp. C, Rhyparida sp. D, Deretrichia sp. as. anterior seta ; ps. posterior seta ; st. sternum ; epst. episternum ; mst. mesosternum ; cc. coxal cavity ; 1st. lateral arms of sternum. genus Deretrichia the setae are in the most ventral position possible. The anterior border of the episternum, frequently thickened, may appear to be a prolongation of the dorso-anterior corner of the lateral arms of the prosternum. Indeed it has been claimed (Bechyne, 1957 a, b) that in some genera, e.g. Typophorus, the lateral arms (pro-epimeron of Bechyne) extend to the extreme latero-anterior surface of the pronotum where they form the base of the anterior setae. It is most unlikely that this is so. It seems that the anterior setae are always borne on the episternum and never on the lateral arms of the sternum nor on the pronotum. The general surface of the insects varies from entirely smooth and shining to very finely but definitely granulated. This is a fine, more or less regular reticulation of impressed lines over the surface, a type of microsculpture referred to in this paper as shagreened. ENTOM 14 4 3 :6o B. J. SELMAN FIG. 3. Map showing the distribution of the genus Deretrichia, + + marks the boundary of the area within which Deretrichia species are to be found. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 161 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Deretrichia 1 Thorax and elytra of different colours ........ 2 - Thorax and elytra of same general colour ........ 3 2 Thorax black, elytra with coloured sheen ........ 20 - Not as above ............. 4 3 At least some pronotal punctures elongated particularly along anterior and/or lateral edges .............. 5 - Pronotal punctures not elongate ......... 6 4 Elytra unicolorous ........... 7 - Elytra with a pair of red spots .......... 22 5 Interstices of pronotum raised .......... 23 - Interstices of pronotum not raised ......... 8 6 Longer than 5-5 mm. ........... 31 - Between 3-3 and 5-5 mm. ........... 9 - Shorter than 3-3 mm. ........ tninuta sp. n. (p. 164) 7 Longer than 5 mm. ............ 38 - Shorter than 5 mm. ............ 39 8 Frontoclypeus sides approximately straight and diverging 8 or more from the median line ........... 12 - Frontoclypeus sides parallel or diverging by less than 8 . . . . . 13 9 Punctures on frontoclypeus large and distinct . . . . . . . 10 - Punctures on frontoclypeus not large and distinct . . . . . . n 10 4-5 mm. or more in length. .......... 24 - 4-0 mm. or less in length ........... 17 11 Shorter than 3-75 mm. ........... 25 - Longer than 3-75 mm. ........... 18 12 Longer than 7 mm. Pronotum approximately rectangular with undulating sides morokensis sp. n. (p. 165) - Longer than 4 mm. but less than 6 mm. .... amboinensis sp. n. (p. 165) - Shorter than 4 mm. ............ 32 13 Punctation of pronotum minute and slit-like . . andannensis (Jacoby) (p. 168) - Punctation of pronotum not minute and slit-like . . . . . . . 14 14 5 mm. or more in length ....... laticollis (Baly) (p. 168) - Less than 5 mm. in length .......... 15 15 Epicranial suture extends back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes . . 16 - Epicranial suture clearly extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes 19 16 Emargination of frontoclypeus forming less than one quarter circumference of a circle 36 - Emargination of frontoclypeus forming one quarter or more of circumference of a circle 37 17 Pronotum lightly punctured, interstices very shiny, elytra elongate papuensis sp. n. (p. 169) - Pronotum heavily punctured, elytra not elongate . . inornata (Jacoby) (p. 169) 18 Epicranial suture extends to a point on a level with the back of the eyes . . 28 - Epicranial suture clearly extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes 30 19 Pronotum strongly narrowing towards the base, Text-fig. i2B, elytra with humeral sulcus deep ........ tibialis (Baly) (p. 170) - Pronotum not strongly narrowing towards the base, Text-fig. 13;, elytra with humeral sulcus shallow .......... 34 20 Thorax as broad as or broader than elytra . . . nigronotata sp. n. (p. 171) - Thorax not as broad as elytra . . . . . . . . . .21 21 Frontoclypeus with sides diverging at least 8, epicranial suture extending to a point well behind the level of the back of the eyes, emargination of frontoclypeus forming one sixth of a circle ...... livida sp. n. (p. 171) 162 B. J. SELMAN - Frontoclypeus with sides approximately parallel, epicranial suture extending to a point level with the back of the eyes, emargination of frontoclypeus forming one quarter of a circle viridis sp. n. (p. 172) 22 Sheen on thorax purple, emargination of frontoclypeus forming one eighth of a circle paumomuensis sp. n. (p. 172) - Sheen on thorax green, emargination of frontoclypeus forming one fifth of a circle bipustulata (Baly) (p. 173) 23 Elytra and thorax flavous ..... guadalcanalensis sp. n. (p. 174) - Elytra and thorax mid- to dark brown .... ruginotum sp. n. (p. 175) - Elytra and thorax very dark brown or black . . . sordida (Baly) (p. 175) 24 Colour dark brown or black .......... 29 - Colour light brown or flavous ...... doryensis sp. n. (p. 176) 25 Pronotum not strongly narrowed anteriorly, Text-fig. 121, margins undulating timorensis (Jacoby) (p. 177) - Pronotum strongly narrowed anteriorly . . . . . . . .26 26 Pronotum with a transverse chevron-shaped depression just posterior to the anterior border ........ sulcicollis (Baly) (p. 177) - Pronotum without transverse depression . . . . . . . .27 27 Colour very dark brown, almost black, humeral sulcus well developed pinguis sp. n. (p. 179) - Colour medium brown, humeral sulcus poorly developed . . nigra sp. n. (p. 179) 28 Pronotum strongly narrowed anteriorly, Text-fig. 136, sutures between frontoclypeus and epicranium indistinct, colour light brown . . batchianica sp. n. (p. 180) - Pronotum only a little narrowed anteriorly, Text-fig. I3F, sutures between fronto- clypeus and epicranium most distinct, colour dark brown pallidocaudata sp. n. (p. 180) 29 Epicranium chestnut red, frontoclypeus and pronotum dark brown approximata (Baly) (p. 182) - Epicranium dark brown as the pronotum or only a very little lighter plebeja (Jacoby) (p. 182) 30 Lateral margins of pronotum evenly rounded and strongly narrowed posteriorly with an indistinct, chevron-shaped depression just posterior to the anterior border, interstices strongly granulate, colour dark brown . . brunnea (Baly) (p. 183) - Pronotum strongly narrowed posteriorly from a point one third of the way from the base, without a chevron-shaped depression, interstices shining but only very slightly granulate, colour very dark brown, almost black . plebeja (Jacoby) (p. 182) 31 Pronotum strongly narrowed towards base, Text-fig. I3E, emargination of fronto- clypeus forming one fifth circumference of circle . intermedia (Baly) (p. 184) - Pronotum not strongly narrowed towards the base, Text-fig. I2D .... 35 32 Shorter than 3 mm., pronotal punctures sparse and very elongate rothschildi (Jacoby) (p. 184) - Longer than 3 mm. ............ 33 33 Pronotum highly convex, strongly narrowed at the base, colour light brown australis sp. n. (p. 186) Pronotum sides evenly curved but not narrowed at base, body very broad, colour dark brown ....... cyclopensis sp. n. (p. 186) 34 Scutellum much broader than long, pronotum Text-fig. 131, colour dark brown, legs, head and apices of elytra light brown . . . bryanti sp. n. (p. 187) - Scutellum only a little broader than long, pronotum Text-fig. 131, colour black, legs, head and distal tips of elytra light brown . . . frontalis (Baly) (p. 187) 35 Legs, head and body black, sides of frontoclypeus parallel . laticollis (Baly) (p. 168) - Legs, head and body chestnut brown, pronotum and elytra with varying amounts of chestnut brown, sides of frontoclypeus diverging . . . hincksi sp. n. (p. 189) A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WE1SE 163 36 Pronotum Text-fig. 1311, longer than 4 mm. .... wallacei sp. n. (p. 189) - Pronotum Text-fig. I2N, shorter than 4 mm. .... nigra sp. n. (p. 179) 37 Pronotum Text-fig. I3K, with a very shallow chevron-shaped depression just behind the anterior edge, basal area of elytra almost impunctate . laevifrons (Jacoby) (p. 190) - Pronotum Text-fig. 131?, without a depression, basal area of elytra heavily punctate giloloensis sp. n. (p. 191) 38 Thorax chestnut red, elytra black, spermatheca Text-fig. IID alternata (Baly) (p. 191) - Thorax brownish yellow, elytra dark brown, spermatheca Text-fig. HE flebilis sp. n. (p. 193) 39 Spermatheca Text-fig. lie, basal area of elytra much raised, transverse depression with deeply impressed punctures ..... separata (Baly) (p. 194) - Spermatheca Text-fig, i IG, basal area less raised, transverse depression with punctures less impressed ....... semipunctata (Baly) (p. 194) FIG. 4. Diagram of dorsal surface of head, showing the method of assessing the degree of emargination of the frontoclypeus. ep. epicranium ; ep.s. epicranial suture ; f.cly. frontoclypeus ; la. labrum. For further explanation see p. 5. LOCATIONS AND DESIGNATION OF TYPES Unless otherwise stated the holotypes are in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Baly and Jacoby, who described many of the species discussed in this paper, did not select holotypes. Therefore wherever possible lectotypes have been selected from the syntype series. All the lectotypes in this paper have been selected by the author. In a few species where it has not been possible to obtain fully authenticated type material, an asterisk is placed beside the name. i6 4 B. J. SELMAN DESCRIPTIONS Deretrichia minuta sp. n. (Text-figs. 5, IOA, 12?) 9 Length 3-2 mm. Colour very dark brown, appendages lighter. Head shagreened, epi- cranium with many shallow indistinct punctures, an epicranial suture extending back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus vestigial, frontoclypeus with many shallow punctures only a little more distinct than those on the epicranium, sides approximately parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one sixth of the circumference of a circle, antennae short, reaching one quarter of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist longer than 2nd and approximately equal to 5th-i ith segments, 4th longer than ist, 3rd longer than 4th. Thorax (Text-fig. 12?) 1-4x0-9 mm., pronotum relatively flat, narrowly margined, surface closely covered with small punctures, interstices obscurely shagreened ; femora with a ventral tooth one third from the distal tip, tibiae ridged. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, impunctate, shagreened. Elytra x2-i as long as thorax, broader than thorax, humerus and thorax only very slightly raised, transverse depression very shallow but clearly discernible, humeral sulcus vestigial, punctures small, sparse and shallow, vestigial on the basal area and towards the apex. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOA. Holotype : female, " TASMANIA, Somerset, i. 1875 " (L. M. Albertis), Museo Civico, Genoa. 1mm FIG. 5. Deretrichia minuta n. sp. $. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 165 This species and D. australis are the first species of Deretrichia described from Australia. D. minuta may be distinguished from D. australis by the elongated pronotal punctures, flatter pronotum and darker colour. Deretrichia morokensis sp. n. (Text-figs. 6, IOB, I2A) 5 Length 8-0 mm. Colour dark chestnut brown, thorax and head darker, antennae and labrum lighter. Head heavily shagreened, epicranium heavily punctured and strongly raised, the punctures large and deep, many with confluent depressions forming diagonally elongated chan- nels extending from mid-anterior to latero-posterior, an epicranial suture extending to a point almost level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very prominent, frontoclypeus twice as wide as long at the anterior end, sides diverging very strongly anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one quarter of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching one third of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist equal to 3rd and longer than 2nd, 4th-nth approximately equal and each longer than ist. Thorax (Text-fig. I2A) 3-0 x 1-9 mm., pronotum much more rectangular than in most species, strongly margined, margin indented and buckled, punctures large and scattered, elongated along a postero-median to antero-lateral line, the mid-anterior edge ridged in a longitudinal direction, interstices smooth and glabrous ; tibiae strongly ridged, femora very lightly shagreened but lacking the usual surface rugosities, ist and 2nd tarsal segments with latero- distal points produced and very acute, claw segment equal in length to the other tarsal segments together. Scutellum cordiform, almost quadrate, glabrous with scattered small punctures. Elytra x 3-1 as long as thorax, basal area and humerus raised and bounded behind by a trans- verse depression, punctures very large and deep especially within the transverse depression, the humeral sulcus, and along the sides to the apex, slightly reduced on the basal area and the postero-median region, interstices glabrous with minute punctures, ridged immediately behind the humerus. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOB. Holotype : female, " S.E. NEW GUINEA, Moroka, 1,300 m. vii-xi.i895 (Loria), Museo Civico, Genoa ". This unique species is characterized by the very long elytra, a very rectangular pronotum with indented and buckled margins (Text-fig. 6, 12 A), the large elytra! punctures especially along the sides, and the lack of femoral spines. Deretrichia amboinensis sp. n. (Text-figs. 7, gA, 120) <$ Length 4-3 mm. Colour dark brown, with head, underside of thorax, abdomen, legs and apex of elytra paler, head appendages flavous. Head granulate, epicranium with a few minute shallow and very indistinct punctures, a short epicranial suture extending to a point just anterior to the back of the eyes, sutures between the frontoclypeus and epicranium very distinct, frontoclypeus with a few shallow indistinct punctures, sides diverging anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one fifth of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching just over halfway down the elytra, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd, 4th longer than 3rd, ist approximately equal to 4th-nth. Thorax (Text-fig. 120) i-i x 1-9 mm., pronotum strongly margined, sides unevenly rounded, surface lightly shagreened, closely punctured with small but very distinct punctures, becoming vestigial around the circumference, elongate along the longitudinal axis ; tibiae strongly ridged with a prominent blunt spine on the dorsal surface just over one third of the way from the base to the apex, hind and middle 1 66 B. J. SELMAN tibiae very strongly emarginate, femora with a very small blunt tooth on the ventral surface. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, glabrous with a few minute indistinct punctures. Elytra x 2-5 as long as thorax, broader than thorax, humerus and basal area prominently raised and bounded behind by a distinct transverse depression, humeral sulcus deep, punctures large and prominent within the transverse depression and humeral sulcus, reduced on the middle of the elytra and vestigial on the apical quarter and on the basal area and humerus. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. 9A. Holotype : male, " AMBOINA, 1873 (0. Beccari), Museo Civico, Genoa ". FIG. 6. Deretrichia morokensis sp. n. $. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 167 This very distinctive species is long in proportion to its width, with long slender legs and antennae. The very distinctive aedeagus has a longitudinally-divided terminal lobe. FIG. 7. Deretrichia amboinensis sp. n. F.NTOM 14 4 4 168 B. J. SELMAN Deretrichia andannensis (Jacoby) comb. n. (Text-figS. QB, IOC, I2F) Rhyparida andannensis Jacoby, 1894 : 280. (J $ Length 3-8 mm. Colour unicolorous testaceous, some specimens with darker areas on the elytra and thorax, mandibles dark brown, other head appendages fulvous. Head shagreened, epicranium very minutely and indistinctly punctured, a short distinct epicranial suture extend- ing back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus present but not very distinct, frontoclypeus scarcely longer than broad, minutely but indistinctly punctured, sides diverging from posterior to anterior, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one quarter of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching more than halfway down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist equal to 3rd and longer than 2nd, 4th-nth equal and each longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. I2F) 1-9x1-0 mm., pronotum very distinctly punctured with small, slightly longitudinally-elongated punctures, interstices glabrous but shagreened, sides margined, rounded, converging from one third of the way from the base to the apex, a very shallow, indistinct, chevron-shaped, transverse depression just behind the anterior border ; femora with a small tooth on the ventral surface one third of the way from the apex, tibiae ridged in the female, in the male thickened and more heavily ridged. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base and extended shoulders, shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-5 as long as thorax, broader than thorax, glabrous, the basal area raised and bounded by a transverse depression, humeri prominent, punctures large and distinct especially within the transverse depression and humeral sulcus, reduced on the basal area and becoming vestigial on the posterior half, the apex impunctate. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. loc ; male, Text-fig. QB. Lectotype : female, " NEW GUINEA, Andai, 1892 (W. Doherty] ". By present selection. Other material : two males and four females, NEW GUINEA, " Dory ", iv-vi.i858 (A. R. Wallace), of which one female and one male are in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and the remainder in the Manchester Museum. This species is similar to D. pinguis, and may be distinguished by the slit-like pronotal punctures and dull pronotum. Deretrichia laticollis (Baly) comb. n. (Text-fig. 120) Rhyparida laticollis Baly, 1867 : 182. $ Length 6-3 mm. Colour black, legs very dark brown, almost black. Head heavily shag- reened, epicranium heavily and distinctly punctate, an epicranial suture extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus broader than long, deeply and closely punctate, sides diverging slightly anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming three sixteenths of the circumference of a circle, antennae with 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd, ist longer than 3rd, 4th and 5th approximately equal and longer than 3rd, segments 6-u missing. Thorax (Text-fig. 120) 3-2 x 1-8 mm., pronotum heavily punctate, interstices glabrous and minutely shagreened, sides smoothly rounded, broadly margined ; legs stout, tibiae ridged, femora with a small blunt tooth on the ventral surface one quarter from the distal end. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, glabrous with a few minute scattered punctures. Elytra x 2-22 as long as thorax, just broader than thorax, heavily punctate, interstices minutely punctured, slightly but distinctly convex on the anterior half, punctures deep within the transverse groove and humeral sulcus, less so on the basal area and posterior half, becoming vestigial towards the apex, basal area and humeri raised, transverse depression and humeral sulci distinct. Genitalia missing. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 169 Lectotype : female, " BORNEO ", date and collector unknown, from the Baly collection. By present selection. This is the only species of Deretrichia so far described from Borneo. The lectotype bears only Baly labels although it was included in the description of the material collected by A. R. Wallace in Melanesia. There is some doubt about the validity of the type locality. D. laticollis is similar to D. plebeja, but is much larger with larger punctures on the pronotum and the elytra. Deretrichia papuensis sp. n. (Text-fig. I2K) 9 Length 4-0 mm. Colour unicolorous light brown, punctures on elytra dark brown. Head shagreened, with a few minute, indistinct punctures, a deep epicranial suture extending back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between frontoclypeus and epicranium very distinct, frontoclypeus heavily punctate, sides almost parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one quarter of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching halfway down elytra, segments 6-n broader than 1-5, 2nd short, ist equal to 3rd and longer than 2nd, 4th-nth approximately equal and just longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. I2K) i-i x 2-imm, sides smoothly rounded with a broad margin, surface smooth and glabrous with numerous small, distinct punctures ; femora with a blunt tooth on the mid-ventral surface, tibiae ridged, male unknown. Scutellum wider than long, semi-ovate, glabrous, smooth and impunctate. Elytra x 2-6 as long as thorax, just broader than thorax, elongate, basal area and humerus only slightly raised, transverse depression present but ill-defined and very shallow, punctation bold within the transverse depression, reduced on the basal area and vestigial at the apex, interstices smooth and glabrous. Genitalia missing. Holotype : female, " PAPUA, Mafulu, 4,000 ft., Jan. 1934 (L. E. Cheesman) ". This species is unique in the degree of elytral elongation and in the slight flattening of the elytra and abdomen. Deretrichia inornata (Jacoby), comb. n. (Text-figS. IOL, I2R) $ Rhyparida inornata Jacoby, 1894 : 278. Length 3-1-3-8 mm. Colour mid-brown, some specimens with darker patches on the head and pronotum. Head shagreened, epicranium with numerous distinct but shallow punctures, an epicranial suture extending back to a point just behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between the epicranium and frontoclypeus distinct, frontoclypeus heavily punctate, sides approximately parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one fifth of the circum- ference of a circle, antennae reaching halfway down the elytra, ist segment approximatley equal to each of segments 5th-nth, 2nd shorter, 3rd longer than 2nd but shorter than ist, 4th longer than ist. Thorax (Text-fig. I2R) i-i x 1-9 to 0-9 x 1-6 mm., pronotum glabrous, very heavily punctate, interstices very lightly shagreened, sides smoothly rounded with no suggestion of an angle, margin narrow ; tibiae of female ridged, femora with a minute blunt tooth on the ventral surface one quarter of the way from the distal end, male unknown. Scutellum cordiform, glabrous, very lightly shagreened with numerous small punctures mostly on the anterior half. Elytra x 2-4 as long as pronotum, humerus and basal area slightly raised and bounded below by a shallow broad transverse depression, punctures shallow but prominent on the posterior half of the elytra, deepest within the transverse depression and humeral sulcus, becoming indistinct towards the apex, interstices smooth and glabrous. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOL. 170 B. J. SELMAN Lectotype : female, " TENIMBER, vi-vii. 1892 (W. Doherty) ", in the Bowditch collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. By present selection. This is the left hand specimen of two females mounted on the same card " (Type No. 9817) ". Paralectotype : female, data as above. By present selection. This is the right hand specimen of the two females mounted on the same card " (Type No. 9817) ". Other specimens : two females, " LARAT, 1907 (F. Muir) ", in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). This very distinct species is closest to D. pinguis, and D. timorensis. It is readily distinguishable from D. pinguis by the much heavier punctation of the pronotum, elytra, scutellum and frontoclypeus ; and from D. timorensis by the much heavier punctation of the frontoclypeus and the more evenly rounded shape of the pronotum. Deretrichia tibialis (Baly)* (Text-figs. 90, IIF, I2B) Rhyparida tibialis Baly, 1867 : 183. Deretrichia tibialis (Baly) Weise, 1912 : 425. 3 $ Length 4-25-4-5 mm. Colour variable, some specimens reddish-brown, legs and epipleura lighter and more flavous, head appendages flavous ; other specimens with thorax very dark brown, with the anterior edge light brown, epicranium reddish-brown, frontoclypeus reddish- brown or dark brown, elytra dark brown with apex and anterior edge pale, scutellum also pale, abdomen dark brown, legs and head appendages as in the type ; many intermediate specimens, but all having a reddish-brown epicranium. Head shagreened, epicranium with small, indistinct punctures, a short epicranial suture extending to a point just behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, fronto- clypeus as wide as long, distinctly punctate, interstices shagreened, sides approximately parallel, anterior edge concave and emarginate, emargination forming one third of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching two thirds of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist equal to 3rd and longer than 2nd, 4th longer than 3rd, 5th-nth approximately equal but each shorter than 4th. Thorax (Text-fig. I2B) of male 1-3 X 2-35, of female 1-2 x 2-25 mm, pronotum heavil) margined, sides smoothly curved, strongly convex both longitudinally and transversely, lightly shagreened with numerous distinct, longitudinally elongated punctures, median anterior edge slightly raised giving a hooded effect ; tibiae ridged, male with a conspicuous blunt tooth on the dorsal surface one third of the way from the proximal end, 2nd segment of the tarsi with latero-distal points produced, those of the ist segment much less so, femora with a well-developed blunt tooth on the ventral surface three-eighths of the distance from the distal end, less well- developed on the meso- and meta-thoracic legs. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, glabrous, lightly shagreened, impunctate. Elytra of male approximately x 2-18, and of female x 2-36 as long as thorax, those of male equal in width to thorax, those of female wider than thorax, basal area little raised, transverse depression and humeral sulcus vestigial, humeri prominent, puncta- tion large and prominent, interstices smooth, glabrous and very slightly raised. Genitalia, male Text-fig. QC ; female Text-fig. IIF. One male and three females, " MYSOL ", 1860 (A. R. Wallace), in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). This species is the type of the genus. Unfortunately the present author has been unable to find the type of the species. However, one specimen of the series in the A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 171 British Museum bears a determination label in Baly's handwriting, and a Wallace locality label. Moreover it fits Baly's description of the species in all respects. It is this specimen, a male, that is redescribed here. This species is similar to D. bryanti and D. frontalis, but has a deep humeral sulcus and a pronotum which narrows strongly towards the base (Text-fig. I2B). Deretrichia nigronotata sp. n. (Text-figs. QD, IOD, 121) cJ Length 4-2 mm. Colour black, elytra with a blue sheen, antennae flavous, head and legs black tinged with varying amounts of brown particularly on the tarsi, scutellum amber. Head shagreened, epicranium with small, indistinct punctures, longitudinally rugose at the base, an epicranial suture extending back to a point well behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus distinctly punctate, as broad as long, sides diverging slightly from posterior to anterior, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one third of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching halfway down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist longer than 2nd, 3rd longer than ist, 4th-nth approximately equal and each longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. 121) of male 1-4 x 2-3 mm., of female 1-25 x 2-3 mm., marginate, sides evenly rounded, very lightly shagreened, distinctly punctate except at the extreme anterior edge where the punctures are vestigial ; tibiae ridged, prothoracic tibiae of male with a large blunt spine on the dorsal surface one third of the way from the proximal end, spines on the ventral surface of the femora extremely small. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, as wide as long, very lightly shagreened with small, indistinct punctures. Elytra of male X2-2, of female X2-3 as long as thorax, as broad as thorax, humeri and basilar space raised, humeral sulcus and transverse depression shallow, punctate-striate, punctures deep within the transverse depression and humeral sulcus, shallow on the basal area, and vestigial at the apices, interstices slightly convex. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. 90 ; female, Text-fig. IOD. Holotype : male, " NEW GUINEA, Munika Bay ", date unknown " (F. R. Wollaston) " , presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 1911. Paratype : male, data as above. This species together with D. livida and D. viridis forms a group characterized by the coloured sheen of the elytra. D. nigronotata is smaller than the other two species and has a pronotum as broad as, or broader than the elytra. Both the other species have a pronotum much narrower than the elytra. Deretrichia livida sp. n. (Text-figS. QE, IOE, I2G) <$ $ Length 5-3-5-8 mm. Colour black, elytra with a blue-green sheen, scutellum very dark brown or black, antennae with segments 1-3 brown, and 4-11 black with a brown apex, labrum brown. Head with epicranium lightly shagreened with a few minute punctures, lightly ridged longitudinally along the base, an epicranial suture extending to well behind a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, fronto- clypeus very lightly shagreened, with large shallow punctures most numerous anteriorly, broader at the base than long, sides very strongly diverging anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one sixth of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching one third of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment shorter than 3rd, 3rd shorter than ist, 5th-nth approximately equal in length and each longer than ist, 4th longer than 5th. Thorax (Text-fig. I2G) of male 2-4 x 1-5 mm., of female 2-6 x 1-5 mm., pronotum marginate, shagreened with I7 2 B. J. SELMAN numerous small punctures, sides strongly converging from one third of the way from the base towards the apex ; femora with many blunt spines, a larger spine on the ventral surface, tibiae heavily ridged, with a dorsal spine on the male pro-thoracic tibiae. Scutellum lightly shagreened, impunctate, cordiform with a flat base. Elytra of male x 2-3, of female x 2-6 as long as pronotum, humeri and basal area raised and bounded behind by a shallow, transverse depression, punctures large and deep in the transverse depression and humeral sulcus reduced on the basal area and humeri and vestigial towards the apices, interstices smooth and glabrous. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. QE ; female, Text-fig. IOE. Holotype : female, " DUTCH NEW GUINEA, Cyclops Mts. 3,500 ft. iii. 1936 (L. E. Cheesman) ". Paratypes : one male and one female, "GERMAN NEW GUINEA ", date unknown " (Bennigsen) ", Deutsche Entomologisches Institut, Berlin-Dahlem. This species is similar to D. nigronotata but has a pronotum much less broad than the elytra. It is also similar to D. viridis but has a much longer epicranial suture, a more granulate pronotum, more heavily ridged tibiae and a blue-green sheen and very dark brown scutellum. Deretrichia viridis sp. n. (Text-figS. IOF, I2M) 9 Length 5-8 mm. Colour black, elytra with a green sheen, antennae light brown, 6 distal segments tinged with black, scutellum amber. Head shagreened, epicranium with many small indistinct punctures, longitudinally ridged at the base, an epicranial suture extending to a point just anterior to the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus discernible but indistinct, frontoclypeus with small yet clearly-defined punctures, sides approxi- mately parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one quarter of the circumference of a circle, antennae short, with 6 distal segments broadened and more heavily setate than the proximal 4, and reaching one quarter of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than and and equal to ist and 5th-nth, 4th longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. I2M) 1-4x2-7 mm., pronotum glabrous, minutely shagreened with numerous small, very distinct punctures, sides margined, converging from one third of the way from the base towards the apex, but not in a smooth curve ; legs, tarsi ridged, femora with a small well-formed spine on the ventral surface two fifths of the distance from apex to base. Scutellum broader than long, cordiform with a flat base, glabrous, very lightly shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-8 as long as thorax, broader than thorax, basal area and humerus raised, humeral sulcus and transverse depression deep and clearly defined, punctures large and deep in the transverse depression, reduced on basal area, humeri, and towards the apices ; interstices smooth and glabrous with a few minute punctures. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOF. Holotype : female, " PAPUA, Mafulu 4,000 ft., i. 1934 (L. E. Cheesman) ". This species is similar to D. nigronotata but has a pronotum narrower than the elytra. It is also similar to D. livida but has a shorter epicranial suture, a less granulate pronotum, and less heavily ridged tibiae. It has a green sheen and an amber-coloured scutellum. The male is unknown. Deretrichia paumomuensis sp. n. (Text-figS. IOG, I2E) $ Length 4-5 mm. Colour black with a red sheen, scutellum amber, elytra with a single red spot one quarter of the way from the base and extending almost to the sides but not to the A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 173 suture. Head very lightly shagreened, epicranium with a few minute punctures, a sharply- defined epicranial suture extending to a point well behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus vestigial, frontoclypeus with well-defined, evenly-spaced small punctures, sides approximately parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargina- tion forming one eighth of the circumference of a circle, antennae short, reaching one third of the way down the elytra, terminal segments broad, and segment short, ist and 3rd equal in length and longer than 2nd, 4th-nth approximately equal and each longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. I2E) 1-2 X2-2 mm., sides rounded, margined, surface very lightly granulose with small widely-spaced punctures ; tibiae of female ridged, femora with a minute spine on the ventral surface one quarter of the way from the distal end. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, very lightly shagreened with minute punctation. Elytra x 2-4 as long as pronotum, just broader than thorax, humeri a little raised, basal area flat, humeral sulcus very shallow, no transverse depression, punctures large and well-defined, becoming indistinct near the apex, interstices slightly raised, glabrous, with scattered minute secondary punctures. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOG. Holotype : female, " S.E. NEW GUINEA, Paumomu river, ix-xii. 1892 (Lorid), ex Museo Civico, Genoa," British Museum (Nat. Hist.) No. igog-^Sa, purchased from O. E. Janson, selected from the Jacoby collection. This species is superficially similar to D. bipustulata, but it is larger, has a red sheen, and is much wider especially at the thorax. The pronotum has the intervals lightly granulate and the elytra have the intervals glabrous with minute secondary punctures. Deretrichia bipustulata (Baly). comb. n. (Text-figs. IOH, I2s) Rhyparida bipustulata Baly, 1867 : 199. 9 Length 4-2 mm. Colour black with a blue sheen, a single red spot one third of the way down each elytron, a deep amber scutellum, and a pair of diffuse red spots on the frons, maxillary palpi and bases of antennae flavous. Head very lightly shagreened, epicranium impunctate with a short epicranial suture extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus distinct, frontoclypeus with rounded sides, anterior border emarginate, emargination forming one fifth of the circumference of a circle, antennae extending to one third of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist equal to 3rd but longer than 2nd, 4th-nth approximately equal but each longer than ist. Thorax (Text-fig. I2S) 2-0 x i-i mm., pronotum with sides evenly rounded, lightly margined, lightly shagreened, minutely but distinctly punctate ; tibiae ridged, femora with a minute tooth on the ventral surface one quarter of the way from the distal end. Scutellum cordiform, impunctate, lightly shagreened. Elytra x 2-2 as long as thorax, broader than thorax, without transverse depression, basal area not raised, humeri only slightly raised, punctures continuing to the apex with little reduction in size, interstices smooth and glabrous, faintly convex anteriorly. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOH. Lectotype : female, " WAIGIOU ", vi-vii . 1860 (A. R. Wallace], from the Baly collection. By present selection. This species and D. paumomuensis are unique in the genus. The red-spotted elytra, the general lightness of the punctation and the poor definition of the head sutures readily differentiate them from all other species. D. bipustulata is shorter than D. paumomuensis and is much narrower, especially at the thorax. It has a blue sheen and a pronotum with intervals lightly shagreened, and the elytral intervals are glabrous without secondary punctures. 174 B. J. SELMAN Deretrichia guadalcanalensis sp. n. (Text-figs. 8, 10 i, 12 o) $ Length 3-2 mm. Colour unicolorous flavous. Head with epicranium glabrous with a few indistinct punctures, a very indistinct epicranial suture extending from a point immediately in front of the back of the eyes to a point just behind the back of the eyes, no sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus, frontoclypeus glabrous with a circlet of large punctures flanked by a pair on either side near the base of the antennae, sides strongly diverging from base to apex, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one eighth of the circumference of a circle, antennae with segments 3-11 missing. Thorax (Text-fig. 120) 0-9x1-5 mm., sides rounded, strongly converging from one third of the way from the base towards the apex, strongly margined especially at the widest point of the thorax, very heavily punctate, punctures lying between longitudinally-elongated rugosities, most developed laterally, rugosities and punctures vestigial along the mid-line and extreme anterior border ; legs with toothed femora and ribbed tibiae. Scutellum cordiform, wider than long, with a flat base, impunctate, glabrous. Elytra x 2-4 as long as thorax, basal area and humeri slightly raised and bounded behind by a shallow transverse depression, punctures lying along longitudinal grooves and most heavily impressed within the transverse depression and vestigial at the apex, interstices convex in the basal area, glabrous. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. 101. 1mm FIG. 8. Deretrichia guadalcanalensis sp. n. $. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 175 Holotype : female, SOLOMON ISLANDS, " Guadalcanal, iii.i887 (C. M. Woodford) ". This species, together with D. ruginotum and D. sordida forms a distinct group characterized by an extremely rugose thorax. It is smaller than D. ruginotum and D. sordida, the pronotum is more rugose, and the elytra more elongate and heavily punctured. D. guadalcanalensis is very light brown, the pronotum narrows strongly anteriorly and the frontoclypeus has a very few, very large punctures. The male is unknown. Deretrichia ruginotum sp. n. (Text-figs. QF, loj, i2j) cJ $ Length 3'75-4'5 mm. Colour unicolorous dark brown. Head shagreened, epicranium with indistinct punctation, a distinct epicranial suture extending back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus about as long as broad, sides approximately parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming five sixteenths of the circumference of a circle, deeply punctate, interstices forming longitudinal ridges, antennae reaching just over halfway down the elytra, 2nd segment short, ist equal to 3rd and longer than 2nd, 4th-nth approximately equal and each longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. i2j) 1-25 x2-i mm., pronotum heavily punctate with longitudinal rugosities, greatest at the sides, least along the mid-line, interstices shagreened, marginate ; tibiae of male ridged with a large blunt tooth one third of the way from the proximal end on the dorsal surface, femora with a small tooth on the ventral surface, tibiae of female without teeth. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-0 as long as thorax, just wider than thorax, basal area and humerus slightly raised, humeral sulcus and transverse depression very shallow, punctures large and distinct especially within the humeral sulcus, reduced towards the apex, interstices slightly raised. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. QF ; female, Text-fig. loj. Holotype : male, " GILOLO ", i-iv.i858 (A. R. Wallace), No. 28802 from the Fry collection, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), No. 1905. 100. Paratypes : male, " GILOLO ", and male and female, " BATCHIAN ", ix.i858- iv.i859 (A R. Wallace). The Batchian male is in the Manchester Museum. This species belongs to the distinct group characterized by an extremely rugose pronotum. It may be distinguished from D. sordida by the more posteriorly narrowed and ridged pronotum, and the lighter colour ; from D. guadalcanalensis by the less rugose and less anteriorly-narrowed pronotum, the densely punctured frontoclypeus and the darker colour. Deretrichia sordida (Baly) comb, n.* (Text-figs. IOK, I2H) Rhyparida sordida Baly, 1864 : 10. Rhyparida sordida Baly, 1867 : 182. $ Length 4-5 mm. Colour dark brown, almost black, with scutellum, head, middle of the anterior border of the thorax, and all appendages rufo-piceous. Head heavily shagreened, epicranium with faint, scattered punctures, a short shallow suture extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus visible but not distinct, frontoclypeus as broad as long, sides diverging very slightly from posterior to anterior, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one quarter of the circumference of a circle, surface impressed with many large deep punctures, antennae reaching halfway down the elytra, 176 B. J. SELMAN 2nd segment short, ist longer than 2nd, 3rd longer than ist, 4th longer than 3rd, 5th-nth each approximately equal to 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. I2H) 2-2 x i-i mm., sides margined and evenly rounded, surface very closely and deeply punctured, each puncture elongated, deepest at the posterior end and partially confluent with the adjacent punctures along an antero-posterior line forming rough ridges, interstices thickened and heavily shagreened ; tibiae lightly ridged, femora without a tooth on the ventral surface. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, impunctate, shagreened. Elytra x 2-8 as long as and broader than thorax, basal area and humeri slightly raised, transverse depression and humeral sulcus shallow but distinct, punctures deep and distinct especially within the transverse depression and humeral sulci, becoming vestigial towards the apex, interstices glabrous, slightly but distinctly convex on the basal area. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOK. A female ," BATCHIAN ", 1859 (A- # Wallace), from the Baly collection, is in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). This specimen is from one of the two type localities. It is almost certainly a syntype. It is this specimen which is redescribed. The other type locality is Ternate. A second female, " TERNATE ", 1858 (A R. Wallace), is in the Manchester Museum. This species belongs to the group characterized by an extremely rugose pronotum. It may be distinguished from D. ruginotum by the more quadrate and less ridged and posteriorly-constricted pronotum, and the darker colour ; from D. guadal- canalensis by the less rugose and less anteriorly narrowed pronotum, the more densely punctured frontoclypeus and darker colour. Deretrichia doryensis sp. n. (Text-figs. 90, I2L) <$ $ Length 5*0-5-5 mm. Colour flavous, head and thorax fuscous. Head shagreened, epicranium with many very small, obscure, shallow punctures, a well-defined epicranial suture extending back to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus as long as broad with many large punctures, punctures closest on the posterior and anterior margins, sides almost parallel, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one third of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching one third of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd and equal to ist, 5th-i ith approximately equal and each longer than 3rd, 4th longer than 5th. Thorax (Text-fig. I2L) 1-3 x 2-4 mm., strongly margined, sides rounded, surf ace glabrous with many large punctures; legs stout, tibiae ridged with a blunt spine one third of the way from the base, mesothoracic tibiae shorter and more massive than those of the metathorax, femora with a small spine on the ventral surface one quarter of the way from the base. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, lightly shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-5 as long as thorax, just broader than thorax, basal area and humerus hardly raised, transverse depression and humeral sulcus shallow and ill-defined, boldly punctured over the entire surface, sutural striae grooved for apical three fourths of elytral length, interstices glabrous and slightly raised on the basal area. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. 90. Holotype : male, NEW GUINEA, " Dory ", collector and date unknown. Paratype : female, data as above. Both the holotype and paratype were purchased by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 1858-1859 from Stevens. This is the largest member of the group of almost unicolorous, light brown species mostly found on the mainland of New Guinea. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 177 D. doryensis is similar to D. plebeja and D. approximata, but it is larger, the frontoclypeus has almost parallel sides, the sutures between the frontoclypeus and the epicranium are distinct, and the epicranial suture extends as far as the back of the eyes. Deretrichia timorensis (Jacoby) comb. n. (Text-figs. QH, I2T) Rhyparida timorensis, Jacoby, 1894 : 278. $ Length 3-5-3-7 mm. Colour fulvous. Head shagreened, epicranium with vestigial punc- tures, an epicranial suture extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus with numerous large, shallow punctures, sides very slightly diverging anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargina- tion forming three eighths of the circumference of a circle, antennae extending to one third of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short and equal to 3rd, ist and 4th-i ith approximately equal and each longer than 2nd. Thorax (Text-fig. I2T) i-o-i-i x 1-6-1-7 mm -> pronotum much more rectangular in shape than in most species, marginate, margins indented and buckled, closely and evenly punctured, punctures clearly defined although small, interstices shagreened, an ill-defined chevron-shaped transverse depression behind the anterior border ; anterior tibiae strongly ridged, those of the male with a large blunt tooth on the dorsal surface equi- distant from each end, femora with a blunt tooth on the ventral surface one third of the way from the distal end. Scutellum cordiform, shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-2 as long as thorax, slightly broader than thorax, basal area little raised, humeri well developed, transverse depression and humeral sulci small and shallow, punctation well-developed within the transverse depression and humeral sulci, reduced on the basal area and vestigial towards the apices, interstices flat. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. QH. Lectotype : male, " TIMOR ", date unknown " (W. Doherty} " , in the Bowditch collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard " (Type No. 9818) ". By present selection. Paralectotype : male, " TIMOR ", date unknown " (W. Doherty] ", in the Bowditch collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. By present selection. This very distinct species is similar to D. pinguis, but it has longer almost parallel- sided elytra and a much more rectangular pronotum. Deretrichia sulcicollis (Baly) comb. n. (Text-figs. 91, I2Q) Rhyparida sulcicollis Baly, 1867 : 199. c? Length 3-4 mm. Colour dark brown, appendages slightly lighter. Head shagreened, epicranium opaque and very minutely punctate, a deep epicranial suture extending to a point well behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus indistinct, frontoclypeus with sides diverging from back to front, anterior border emarginate, emargination forming one eighth of the circumference of a circle, antennae extending one quarter of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd, ist longer than 3rd, 4th longer than ist, 5th-uth approximately equal and each longer than ist but shorter than 4th. Thorax (Text-fig. 129) i-o x 1-8 mm., pronotum lightly shagreened, thinly and obscurely punctured, median anterior edge impunctate, sides rounded, lightly margined, converging from one third of the way from the base towards the apex, a deep chevron-shaped, I 7 8 B. J. SELMAN o O5 mm FIG. 9. Tip of aedeagus, dorsal view. A. Deretrichia amboinensis sp. n. B. D. andannensis (Jacoby). c. D. tibialis (Baly). D. D. nigronotata sp. n. E. D. livida sp. n. F. D. ruginotum sp. n. G. D. doryensis sp. n. H. D. timorensis (Jacoby). i. D. sulcicollis (Baly). j. D. batchianica sp. n. K. D. plebeja (Jacoby). L. D. hincksi sp. n. M. D. rothschildi (Jacoby). N. D. alternata (Baly). o. D. australis sp. n. p. D. laevifrons (Jacoby). Q. D. giloloensis sp. n. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WElSE 179 transverse depression just behind the anterior edge with the apex pointing posteriorly ; femora with a small tooth on the ventral surface one third of the way from the apex, apical half of the prothoracic femora covered with many small teeth, tibiae ridged. Scutellum cordiform, glabrous, lightly shagreened. Elytra x2-i as long as thorax, broader than thorax, basal area and humeri strongly raised, transverse groove and humeral sulci very distinct, punctation deep within the transverse groove and humeral sulci, reduced on the basal area and towards the apex, interstices convex on the basal area. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. 91. Lectotype : male, " SULU ISLANDS ", 1860-1861 (C. Allen), from the Baly collection. By present selection. This species is similar to D. amboinensis but is smaller, has a deeper depression on the pronotum, a more raised basal area and much less distinct sutures between the frontoclypeus and the epicranium. Deretrichia pinguis sp. n. (Text-figs. IOM, 135) $ Length 3-7 mm. Colour brown with dark areas particularly on the pronotum and along the elytral suture. Head shagreened, epicranium minutely and indistinctly punctate, an epicranial suture extending back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus with shallow indistinct punctures, sides slightly diverging anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming five sixteenths of the circumference of a circle, antennae stout, extending halfway down the elytra, ist segment equal to 3rd and each of 5th-nth, 2nd shorter, 4th longer than 3rd. Thorax (Text-fig. 136) i-oxi-8 mm., pronotum glabrous, very lightly shagreened with sparse, small, shallow punctures along the extremities, sides rounded with a broad margin ; tibiae of female ridged, femora with a blunt tooth on the ventral surface one quarter of the way from the apex. Scutellum cordiform with a flat base, very lightly shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-6 as long as thorax, just broader than thorax, humeri and basal area slightly raised and bounded behind by a shallow, transverse depression, punctures shallow but distinct within the transverse depression, becoming indistinct on the basal area and the apical half, interstices glabrous and smooth with a few minute scattered punctures. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. IOM. Holotype : female, " PAPUA, Mafulu, 4,000 ft., i.i934 (L. E. Cheesman) ". Paratypes : two females, data as above. This species closely resembles D. muiri, but can readily be distinguished by the much reduced punctation of the pronotum, elytra, scutellum and frontoclypeus. Deretrichia nigra sp. n. (Text-fig. I2N) $ Length 3-6 mm. Colour dark brown, with head, scutellum and appendages lighter. Head lightly shagreened, epicranium closely but minutely and indistinctly punctate, a short epicranial suture extending back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus indistinct, frontoclypeus closely but minutely and indistinctly punctate, sides diverging slightly anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one fifth of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching over halfway down the elytra, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd, ist longer than 3rd and approximately equal to each of 5th-nth, 4th longer than ist. Thorax (Text-fig. I2N) 1-6x0-9 mm., strongly margined, surface with many small but distinct punctures, interstices glabrous and shagreened ; tibiae of female i8o B. J. SELMAN lightly ridged, femora with a small blunt tooth on the ventral surface one third of the way from the apex. Scutellum cordiform, impunctate, lightly shagreened. Elytra x 2-7 as long as thorax, broader than thorax, basal area and humeri strongly raised and bounded on the posterior side by a clearly-defined, transverse depression, humeral sulci deep, punctures large and deep in the transverse groove and humeral sulci, reduced on the basal area, the humerus and the apical half of the elytra, interstices smooth, flat and glabrous, with a few minute punctures. Genitalia missing. Holotype : female, " GILOLO ", i-iii.i858 (A. R. Wallace), from the Baly collection. This species is the smallest of the dark-coloured species and is characterized by the closely punctate and heavily granulate pronotum. The male is unknown. Deretrichia batchianica sp. n. (Text-figs. 9], 138) $ Length 4-2 mm. Colour unicolorous dark flavous. Head heavily shagreened, epicranium impunctate, a shallow well-defined epicranial suture extending to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus ill-defined, frontoclypeus with ill-defined, shallow punctures, sides diverging strongly from posterior to anterior, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one third of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching halfway down the elytra in the male, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd, ist longer than 3rd, 5th-nth approximately equal and each longer than ist, 4th longer than 5th. Thorax (Text-fig. 136) 1-1x1-9 mm., rounded, strongly margined, surface very lightly shagreened, densely but lightly punctate ; femora with a small spine on the ventral surface, mesothoracic tibiae very deeply emarginate, metathoracic tibiae less so, the male prothoracic tibiae with a prominent tooth almost halfway down the dorsal surface, strongly ridged, the ridges spirally arranged on the apical half. Scutellum cordiform, approximately as long as broad, surface impunctate and lightly shagreened. Elytra x 2-5 as long as and broader than pronotum, glabrous, basal area and humeri little raised, humeral sulcus and transverse depression very shallow, punctures shallow and ill-defined, most developed within the depression, lighter on the basal area and vestigial towards the apex. Genitalia, male, Text-fig. 9;. Holotype : male, " BATCHIAN ", ix.i8s8-iv.i859 (A. R. Wallace), from the Baly collection. This species is similar to D. brunnea but is usually smaller, and the pronotum is more finely punctured and more narrowed anteriorly. Deretrichia pallidocaudata sp. n. (Text-figs. ION, I3F) $ Length 4-5 mm. Colour dark brown ; head, tibiae, tarsi, proximal half of the femora and apex of the elytra lighter. Head with epicranium shagreened with many large shallow, but very obscure punctures, an epicranial suture extending back to a point on a level with the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus very distinct, frontoclypeus shagreened with many large, shallow, obscure punctures, sides strongly diverging, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one fifth of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching halfway down elytra, ist, 2nd and 3rd segments almost equal, 4th-nth longer than 3rd and subequal. Thorax (Text-fig. I3F) 2-1 x 1-2-1 -9 x i-i mm., pronotum heavily margined, sides smoothly rounded, surface glabrous, very lightly granular, closely punctate, punctures small and shallow but distinct, a very shallow, ill-defined, chevron-shaped depression just behind the anterior border, extending across the surface and least distinct on the middle of the disc ; tibiae of female heavily ridged, meso- and meta-tibiae heavily emarginate, femora with a small blunt spine on the ventral surface one third of the way from the apex. Scutellum cordiform with a A REVISION OF THE GENUS DERETRICHIA WEISE 181 K H M N Q 0-31 FIG. 10. Spermatheca, lateral view. A. D. minuta sp. n. B. D. morokensis sp. n. c. D. andannensis (Jacoby). D. D. nigronotata sp. n. E. D. livida sp. n. F. D. viridis sp. n. G. D. paumomuensis sp. n. H. D. bipustulata (Baly). i. D. guadalcanalensis sp. n. j. D. ruginotum sp. n. K. D. sordida (Baly). L. D. inornata (Jacoby). M. D. pinguis sp. n. N. D. pallidocaudata sp. n. o. D. approximates (Baly). P. D. intermedia (Baly). Q. D. hincksi sp. n. R. D. rothschildi (Jacoby). s. D. cyclopensis sp. n. T. D. bryanti sp. n. i8z B. J. SELMAN flat base, shagreened with a few minute and very indistinct punctures. Elytra x 2-6 as long as thorax, broader than thorax, humeri and basal area strongly raised, humeral sulci and trans- verse depression deep and distinct, punctures large and distinct within the humeral sulcus and transverse depression, indistinct on the basal area, humeri and posterior half of the elytra. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. ION. Holotype : female, " CERAM ", 1860 (A. R. Wallace), from the Baly collection. Paratype : female, data as above. In the Manchester Museum. This species is similar to D. pallida, but is larger and lighter with the scutellum and elytra of the same colour, and it has a less granular pronotum with a chevron- shaped depression. The holotype bears a Baly label with the annotation " Var. A. Type, near Rhyparida brunnea ". However no description of this " Variety ", was published. The male is unknown. Deretrichia approximata (Baly) (Text-figs. 10 o, 130) Rhyparida approximata Baly, 1867 : 184. Deretrichia approximata (Baly) Weise, 1912 : 425. $ Length 4-2 mm. Colour very dark brown, almost black, epicranium and legs chestnut brown, head appendages flavous. Head with epicranium heavily shagreened with many small, distinct punctures, a deep epicranial suture extending to a point behind the level of the back of the eyes, sutures between epicranium and frontoclypeus indistinct, frontoclypeus granulate with distinct shallow punctures, sides diverging slightly anteriorly, anterior edge emarginate, emargination forming one fifth of the circumference of a circle, antennae reaching one third of the way down the elytra, 2nd segment short, 3rd longer than 2nd, ist longer than 3rd, 4th-nth approximately equal and each longer than ist. Thorax (Text-fig. 130) 2-5 x 1-25 mm., sides margined and converging from one third of the way from the base, surface glabrous and very lightly shagreened with numerous punctures, punctures large and deeply impressed at the sides, shallow along the mid-line ; anterior tibiae of female strongly ribbed, femora with a small blunt tooth on the ventral surface one quarter of the way from the apex. Scutellum broader than long, cordiform with a flat base, shoulders obsolete, shagreened, impunctate. Elytra x 2-7 as long as thorax, slightly broader than thorax, a broad but shallow transverse depression behind the basilar space, humeri sub-prominent, punctures large and distinct, especially within the transverse depression and humeral sulci, shallow and indistinct towards the apex, interstices smooth and glabrous, just perceptibly convex. Genitalia, female, Text-fig. 100. Lectotype : female, " MYSOL ", 1860 (A. R. Wallace), from the Baly collection. By present selection. This species and D. plebeja are closely related but D. approximata has a chestnut brown epicranium and large punctures on the elytra. The male is unknown. Deretrichia plebeja (Jacoby) (Text-figs. QK, IIH, I3A) Rhyparida plebeja Jacoby, 1894 : 281. Deretrichia plebeja (Jacoby) Weise, 1912 : 425. Rhyparida nigrita Bryant, 1949 : 921 (Syn. n.). , AUSTRALIA : Queensland : Emu Park Coast (23 13' S., 150 51' E.) (Barnard Coll.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16808. Other material, AUSTRALIA : Queensland ; Brisbane ; Duaringa. CANDALIDES Hiibner Candalides Hiibner, 1819 : 73. Type : Rusticus adolescens xanthospilos Hiibner. The terminal segment of the labial palp is almost two-thirds the length of the middle segment. The wing margins are entire, not scalloped or emarginated. Veins 7 and 9 on the fore wing arise from a short stalk, which extends for less than half the distance between its base and the end of vein 7 ; vein n runs almost parallel with 12. Candalides xanthospilos (Hiibner) (Text-figs. 3, 10, 43, 44 and 45) Rusticus xanthospilos Hiibner, 1817 : pi. 99. Polyommatus hubnerii Godart, 1824 : 677, Timor ? Erina pulchella Swainson, 1833 : 134. Candalides xanthospilos (Hiibner) ; Griinberg in Seitz, 1921 : 853, pi. I45f, Australia. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. Candalides bysos (Boisduval) Lycaena bysos Boisduval, 1832 : 81, Port Jackson. This name was given by Waterhouse (1903 : 177) as a synonym of xanthospilos, but Boisduval's description mentions a yellow band on the hind wing, and his FIGS. 36, 39, 46. $ genital armature : 36, Holochila absimilis ; 39, H. grandissima ; 46, H. subrosea. FIGS. 37, 38, 42, 45, 47, 49. aedeagus : 37, H. absimilis ; 38, H. grandissima ; 42, H. consimilis ; 45, Candalides xanthospilos ; 47, Holochila subrosea ; 49, Cyprotides cyprotus. FIGS. 41, 44, 50. $ clasper : 41, Holochila consimilis ; 44, Candalides xanthospilos ; 50, Cyprotides cyprotus. FIGS. 40, 43, 48. uncus : 40, Holochila consimilis ; 43, Candalides xanthospilos ; 48, Cyprotides cyprotus. 216 G. E. TITE description of the underside does not quite apply to that species. In view of this uncertainty, and as there are no specimens in the B.M. (N.H.) identifiable with bysos, the name is placed here tentatively. ERINA Swainson Erina Swainson, 1833 : 134. Type : Hesperia erinus Fabricius. The terminal segment of the labial palp is well over half the length of the penultimate segment, it is long and spike-like. Veins 7 and 9 arise from a stalk, which extends to half the distance from its point of origin and the end of vein 7. Vein 12 is not distinctly angled like that of Holochila, but it does diverge from vein n as it nears the costa. Under the heading " Erina pulchella " Swainson designated Erina as a subgenus of Polyommatus as follows : " Wings obtuse, very entire : palpi covered only with compact scales, the last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antenna short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath. Typical. Hesp. erinus Fab. Aberrant. Lycaena ignita Leach ". He then went on to describe and figure Erina pulchella ( Candalides xanthospilos) . To avoid confusion, and as no type has so far been selected, I hereby designate Hesperia erinus Fabricius as the type of the genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ERINA 1 Both sexes on the upper surface are blue . . . hyacinthina sitnplexa (p. 216) - Both sexes on the upper surface are brown, with a purple reflection in the males ; this reflection is sometimes present in the females also ...... 2 2 Large, the male fore wing measuring 14-17 mm.; the female 15-17 mm. hyacinthina hyacinthina (p. 217) and h. eugenia (p. 217) Small, the male fore wing measuring 10-13 mm.; the female 10-14 mm. . . 3 3 Underside, dull grey, the three lower submarginal spots on the fore wing are large, diffuse, and blackish brown in colour ...... acasta (p. 217) - Underside, whitish grey, the two lower submarginal spots on the fore wing are intense black and clearly defined ........ erina (p. 217) Erina hyacinthina (Semper) comb. n. (i) E. hyacinthina simplexa (Tepper) comb. n. (Text-fig. 52) Cupido simplexa Tepper, 1882 : 30, pi. 2, fig. 10, S. Australia. Polyommatus cyanites Meyrick, 1888 : 823, W. Australia (Type !). Waterhouse (1914 : 81) says : " This is the western race of C. hyacinthina. It occurs in the northwestern areas of Victoria, in South Australia, and in West Australia ". The male genitalia are indistinguishable from those of the nominate race, and notwithstanding the marked external difference mentioned in the key, it would seem that Waterhouse's statement is correct. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : NW. Victoria ; South Australia ; West Australia. CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 217 (ii) E. hyacinthina eugenia (Waterhouse & Lyell) comb. n. Candalides hyacinthina eugenia Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 80, Kuranda. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Queensland. (iii) E. hyacinthina hyacinthina (Semper) comb. n. (Text-fig. 51) Holochila hyacinthina Semper, 1879 : 162, Sydney. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : New South Wales and Victoria. (iv) E. hyacinthina josephina (Harris) Candalides hyacinthina josephina Harris, 1952 : 33, Victoria (Stawell). Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Victoria : Fern Tree Gully, xii.i956 (H. Borch), 2 <$ ; Tecoma, xii.1956 (H. Borch}, i ; Wettar Island, .1892 (W. Doherty), 2 $. (iv) E. erina tualensis (Rober) comb. n. Plebeius tualensis Rober, 1886 : 61, pi. 5, fig. 26, Key Islands. Fore wing measurements : males 10-5-13 mm.; females 11-14 mm. The dark margins are not so wide as those of the two preceding subspecies ; that of the fore wing is of more even width throughout than is that of the nominate race. The female is not distinguishable above from that of the preceding race. The underside in both sexes is like that of e. erina. Distribution, KEY ISLANDS. (v) E. erina taamensis ssp. n. Fore wing measurements : males 10-12 mm.; females 12-13 mm. The male above is light brown, with a faint golden tint in the red-violet gloss ; the dusky margins are much reduced. In the female the ground is pale reddish mauve, the veins on all wings are darkened with dusky scales, and there is a wide dusky margin on each wing. Beneath, both sexes are like the nominate race. Holotype <$, WESTERN KEY ISLANDS : Taam, vii.iSgS (H. Kuhn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16813. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16814. Other material, WESTERN KEY ISLANDS : as holotype, 8 & i ? ; Koer Islands, (H. Kuhn), 3 . CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 219 (vi) E. erina tenimberensis ssp. n. Fore wing measurements : males u mm.; females 12-13 mm. The male is above very like that of taamensis, but the dark margins though shadowy and obscure are usually wider. The female is pale earth-brown with on the hind wing a clouding of mauve tinted whitish grey between the veins. The under surface has a slightly more ochreous tint than in the preceding race. Holotype <, TENIMBER : vi-vii.iSga (W. Doherty}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16815. Allotype, $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16816. Other material, TENIMBER : as holotype, 4 <, 8 $ ; South Yamdena, 20 miles S. of Saumlakki, vi-ix.igiS (W. J. C. Frost), 1$ ; Larat Island, Ritabel, 1897 (Doherty), 1 cJ, i $ ; Selaru Island, ig.xu.ig2g (Miss Longfield], i $. (vii) E. erina stevensi (Wind & Clench) comb. n. Candalides erinus stevensi Wind & Clench, 1947 : i, Wau, Morobe District. Fore wing measurements : males 10-10-5 mm.; females 11-13 rnm. On the upperside, the male is very like timorensis ; it has the same wide dark margins, and lacks the pale golden tinge of the Key Island race. The female is completely dull brown above. Beneath the two lower submarginal spots are obsolete or tend to obsolescence ; they are never so large or clearly marked as those of the other subspecies. Distribution, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Humboldt Bay, ix-x.i892 (W. Doherty), i<$, 2 $ ; Cyclops Mountains, Sabron Camp, iv-vii.i936 (L. E. Cheesman), 11^,1$. (viii) E. erina sudesta ssp. n. Fore wing measurements : males 10-12 mm.; females 11-12 mm. The male is above not distinguishable from the preceding race, but close examination of the otherwise brown female reveals a thin scattering of blue scales on all wings ; to the naked eye, these scales are only observable as a faint bluish shade in the area below the cell of the fore wing ; under a micro- scope however, they can be seen to extend sparsely scattered over the greater part of the basal halves of the wings. The under surface in both sexes is ochreous grey, much darker than the whitish grey of other races ; all the markings are distinct, and with the exception of the two black submarginal spots, are ochreous brown in colour. Holotype J, LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO : Sudest Island (A. S. Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16817. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16818. Other material, as holotype, 6 <$, 6 $. MICROSCENA gen. n. (Gr. (jLiKpo?, small, aKT|vf|, cell, fern.) Type species : Lycaena heathi Cox. Differs from Candalides by the following characters : the terminal segment of the labial palp is only approximately half the length of the middle segment. The fore wing cell is short, being less in length than vein 6, and the stalk of veins 7 and 9 is less than half the distance from its base to the end of vein 7. Vein 12 turns in an even curve towards the costa, it does not run parallel to vein u. 220 G. E. TITE 51 52 54 53 61 59 U 62 66 67 60 CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 221 Microscena heat hi (Cox) comb. n. (Text-figs. 5, 12, 55, 56 and 57) (i) M. heathi heathi (Cox) comb. n. Lycaena heathi Cox 1873 : 402, South Australia (Type !). Lycaena paradoxa Guest 1882 : 36, Balhannah Co., Adelaide. Candalides heathi (Cox) Waterhouse 1932 : 130, pi. 19, fig. 4. The male is bronze-brown with a purple reflection and dusky margins ; in some examples, the veins have a tendency to form yellowish rays. The female is duller brown, with the basal portions of all wings dusky mauve. On the underside, both sexes are silky grey-white, with an interneural series of submarginal black dots. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. (ii) M. heathi alpina (Waterhouse) comb. n. Candalides heathi ssp. alpina Waterhouse 1928 : 402, Mt. Kosciusko. This is a high altitude race, with distinctly paler veins, and a bronze-grey underside. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Mt. Kosciusko. (iii) M. heathi aerata (Montague) comb. n. Holochila heathi aerata Montague 1914 : 645, Monte Bello Islands. (iv) M. heathi doddi (Burns) comb. n. Candalides heathi doddi Burns, 1947 : 95, New South Wales (Barrington Tops). Not represented in B.M. (N.H.). ADALUMA Tindale Adaluma Tindale, 1922 : 537. Type species : Adaluma urumelia Tindale. Distinguished from Candalides and other allied genera by the extremely short antennae, which are well under half the length of the costa. The terminal segment of the labial palp is just over half the length of the middle segment. The wings are short, the fore wing costa and distal margin rounded, and the apex obtuse. Veins 7 and 9 of the fore wing arise from a short FIGS. 51-54. (J genital armature : 51, Erina hyacinthina hyacinthina ; 52, E. hyacinthina simplexa ; 53, E. acasta ; 54, E. erina. FIG. 55. uncus : Microscena heathi. FIGS. 56, 58, 62. aedeagus : 56, Microscena heathi ; 58, Adaluma urumelia ; 62, Philiris harterti. FIGS. 57, 59, 60, 61. claspers : 57, Microscena heathi ; 59, Adaluma urumelia ; 60, Philiris albiplaga ; 61, P. harterti, FIGS. 63-67. wings : 63, Philiris albiplaga <$ ; 64, P. harterti melanoma <$ ; 65, P. harterti leucoma <$ ; 66, P. harterti harterti $ ; 67, P. harterti harterti $. 222 G. E. TITE stalk, which only extends to one-third of the distance from its point of origin and the end of vein 7. Vein 12 is strongly turned towards the costa, where it nears the origin of vein n. This last named character obtains throughout the series in the B.M. (N.H.), although Tindale states that these veins run parallel. Adaluma urumelia Tindale (Text-figs. 6, 13, 58 and 59) Adaluma urumelia Tindale, 1922 : 537, pi. 31, Northern Territory. Candalides wilkinsi Riley, 1928 : 187, Groote Eylandt (Type !). Candalides wilkinsi Riley ; Riley, 1930 : 211. The male is silky white with a blue tinge, the centre of the fore wing is rayed with specialized dark scales along the veins ; the margins are grey-black. Beneath, both sexes are whitish with 6 interneural submarginal black spots on the hind wing, and similar spots in areas 2 and 3 of the fore wing. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Northern Territory : Groote Eylandt, iii.i925 (G. H. Wilkins), 7 $, 2 $ (including holotype and allotype of wilkinsi). PHILIRIS Rober Philiris Rober, 1891 : 317. Type species : Thecla ilias Felder. The distal margin of the hind wing is emarginate. The terminal segment of the labial palp is slightly less than half the length of the central segment. On the fore wing, the stalk of veins 7 and 9 is very long, extending well over half the distance between its point of origin and the end of vein 7 ; vein 12 approaches vein n more closely than is the case in Candalides or Holochila. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHILIRIS MALES ONLY 1 Underside, yellow or orange-red ......... 2 Underside, some shade of buff, grey, or white ....... 5 2 Underside, with metallic submarginal spots ....... 3 Underside, without metallic submarginal spots ....... 4 3 Upperside, basal two-thirds of fore wing brilliant green-blue. Underside, yellow ; series of metallic spots complete ...... sublutea (p. 225) - Upperside, shining blue. Underside, orange-red ; series of metallic spots incomplete caerulea (p. 226) 4 Upperside, fore wing dark brown, hind wing cream with a dusky basal area. Underside, creamy yellow ....... hemileuca (p. 226) - Upperside, all wings brown. Underside, clear yellow . . hypoxantha (p. 226) 5 Underside, some shade of buff or grey ........ 6 - Underside, white or near- white ......... 12 6 Upperside, purple or violet .......... 7 Upperside, bright shining blue ......... 1 1 7 Antennae, clubs tipped with yellow-brown . . . . . . . 8 Antennae, clubs entirely black . . . . . 10 8 Fore wing, apex acute ......... apicalis (p. 227) Fore wing, apex obtuse ........... 9 9 Upperside, dark margins wide or very wide .... griseldis (p. 227) Upperside, dark margins narrow . . . . . . philotas (p. 229) CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 223 10 Upperside, dusky brown-purple, margins narrow . . . philotoides (p. 229) Upperside, violet, margins wide ...... ianthina (p. 229) 11 Upperside, light shining blue. Underside, cream-buff . . . agatha (p. 230) Upperside, intense lustrous blue. Underside, brown-buff . . montigena (p. 230) 12 Underside, never with a small black dot near the hind margin of the hind wing . 13 Underside, always with a small black dot near the hind margin of the hind wing 21 13 Upperside, black and white .......... 14 - Upperside, blue or purple .......... 15 14 Frons, tufted with rust-red hair. Upperside, white areas extensive . harterti (p. 230) Frons, tufted with dusky brown hair. Upperside, white areas restricted atbiplaga (p. 231) 15 Upperside, blue ............ 16 Upperside, purple ........... 18 16 Upperside fore wing, dark margin at apex is twice its width at tornus praeclara (p. 232) - Upperside fore wing, dark margin at apex is three times its width at tornus . . 17 17 Upperside, shining blue with a refractive red-purple lustre . . gloriosa (p. 232) - Upperside, glittering blue without noticeable refractive qualities . . elegans (p. 234) 1 8 Upperside fore wing, apex black to a depth of 5 mm. . . . lavendula (p. 234) - Upperside fore wing, apex not widely black . . . . . . . 19 19 Upperside fore wing, white cloud in disc ..... (liana diana (p. 235) Upperside fore wing, no white cloud in disc ....... 20 20 Fore wing, apex acute ....... diana papuanus (p. 235) Fore wing, apex obtuse ......... ariadne (p. 235) 21 Upperside, predominantly black and white . . . . . . .22 Upperside, blue or purple, if white is present it never predominates ... 23 22 Underside all wings, with large quadrate discoidal spots . . unipunctata (p. 235) Underside all wings, without discoidal spots ..... refusa (p. 236) 23 Upperside, all wings blue or blue with whitish disc on fore wing .... 24 - Upperside, all wings or at least fore wings purple . . . . . . 31 24 Upperside, shining metallic blue ......... 25 - Upperside, blue, but never metallic blue ........ 26 25 Upperside hind wing, inner edge of junction of marginal and costal black bands forms an even arc .......... intensa (p. 237) Underside hind wing, inner edge of junction of marginal and costal black bands shows an irregularity ......... regina (p. 237) 26 Antennae, clubs black ........... 27 Antennae, clubs tipped with yellow ......... 29 27 Fore wings, long and pointed. Upperside, feebly shining light blue, margins of hind wings narrow ......... zadne (p. 239) - Fore wings short and broad. Upperside, dark margins very wide, restricted blue areas slightly tinged with green ......... 28 28 Upperside fore wing, blue area extends into the lower half of the cell kumusiensis (p. 239) - Upperside fore wing, blue area extends into almost all of the cell argenteus (p. 239) 29 Upperside, light blue with a white discal patch on the fore wing . kamerungae (p. 240) - Upperside, light blue without a white discal patch on the fore wing ... 30 30 Upperside, light blue ......... nitens (p. 240) Upperside, blue with a refractive purple lustre ..... azula (p. 241) 31 Underside, a clearly denned black discoidal spot on each wing . angabunga (p. 241) - Underside, without a black discoidal spot on each wing . . . . . 32 32 Upperside, fore wing purple, hind wing blue ..... fulgens (p. 242) Upperside, fore and hind wings purple ........ 33 224 G. E. TITE 33 Genitalia, lobes of uncus have a narrow cleft in them, in some cases the lobes are produced ............. 34 Genitalia, uncus between the lobes is straight or widely concave, lobes not produced 47 34 Upperside hind wings, margins wide, at least 2 mm. in width .... 35 Upperside hind wings, margins narrow, less than 2 mm. in width ... 36 35 Fore wings, acute, dark margins clearly denned ..... remissa (p. 242) - Fore wings, obtuse, dark margins ill defined inwardly . . moluccana (p. 242) 36 Upperside hind wing, costa broadly white ........ 37 Upperside hind wing, costa fuscous ......... 38 37 Upperside fore wing, veins in disc of wing bearing scattered white scales . mayri (p. 243) Upperside fore wing, veins in disc of wing not bearing scattered white scales ziska (p. 243) 38 Underside, pearly grey-white with a white discocellular streak on each wing misimensis (p. 244) Underside, white or near white without a discocellular streak on each wing . . 39 39 Antennae, clubs completely black ....... tombara (p. 244) Antennae, clubs tipped with fulvous ........ 40 40 Upperside hind wing, black margin not noticeably widened in cellule 6 . . 41 Upperside hind wing, black margin noticeably widened in cellule 6 . . .44 41 Fore wing, apex rounded, only narrowly black on upperside . phengotes (p. 244) Fore wing, apex not rounded, widely black on upperside ..... 42 42 Fore wing, length 13 mm. ........ dinawa (p. 245) - Fore wing, length 15-16 mm. .......... 43 43 Upperside, dull purple ........ melanacra (p. 245) Upperside, purple with strong blue refraction .... lucescens (p. 247) 44 Fore wings, acuminate Upperside, pale mauve-purple . . innotatus (p. 247) Fore wings, not acuminate. Upperside, blue-purple ...... 45 45 Upperside, blue-purple with strong reddish refraction . . riuensis (p. 248) Upperside, purple without reddish refraction ....... 46 46 Upperside hind wing, distal margin less than i mm. in width . . moira (p. 248) Upperside hind wing, distal margin 1-2 mm. in width . . ignobilis (p. 249) 47 Upperside hind wing, costa broadly white ....... 48 Upperside hind wing, costa not white ........ 50 48 Upperside hind wing, costal white extends to vein 6 . . . albicostalis (p. 249) Upperside hind wing, costal white does not extend beyond vein 7 ... 49 49 Upperside, reddish purple, fore wing costa and apex broadly black marginata (p. 249) Upperside, bluish purple, fore wing costa and apex narrowly black . doreia (p. 249) 50 Thorax, stout (3-4 mm.). Fore wing, strong, its apex subacuminate . . . 51 Thorax, slender (less than 3 mm.). Fore wing weak, its apex obtuse ... 52 51 Upperside fore wing, apical black extensive, reaching discocellular in area 5 goliathensis (p. 250) Upperside fore wing, apical black narrow, not approaching discocellular vicina (p. 250) 52 Cilia hind wings, not spotted at the ends of veins 5, 6 and 7 . albihumerata (p. 252) - Cilia hind wing, spotted at the ends of all veins ....... 53 53 Upperside, black margins wide, and of approximately even width throughout satis (p. 252) Upperside, black margins not so wide, and not of even width, being always broadened at the apex of the fore wing .......... 54 54 Upperside, black margins less than i mm. in width ...... 55 Upperside, black margins are more than i mm. in width . ... . . 56 55 From the Moluccas ......... ilias (p. 252) From New Guinea . . . . . . . . subovata (p. 253) CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 225 56 Upperside, black margins on hind wing are over 2 mm. in width . . oreas (p. 253) Upperside, black margins on hind wing are less than 2 mm. in width kapaura (p. 253) The two following names are not included in the above key, or in the pages that follow ; both were described from females, and no males have so far been identified. Therefore it has not been possible to assign them to a definite position in the genus. Philiris cyana (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. Candalides cyana Bethune-Baker, 1908 : 122, pi. 8, Owgarra (Type !). Only represented by the holotype in the B.M. (N.H.). Philiris? violetta (Rober) Candalides violetta Rober, 1926 : 376, S.W. New Guinea. Not identified, the description makes the inclusion of the species in Philiris appear probable. Philiris sublutea (Bethune-Baker) (i) P. sublutea sublutea (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. (PI. 3, fig. 143. Text-fig. 68) Candalides sublutea Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 101, Owgarra (Type !). Candalides sublutea Bethune-Baker ; Bethune-Baker, 1908 : pi. 8, fig. 9. In the male, the brilliant refractive blue-green colour in the basal portions of the fore wing extends subcostally to two-thirds the length of the costa ; from the cell it does not proceed beyond the discocellulars ; below this, it just enters the bases of cellules 2 and 3, and then extends distally to include the basal two-thirds of cellule i, receding from there to a point at less than half the length of the hind margin. The costa and the remaining distal part of the wing are black. The brown-black hind wings bear a scattering of blue-green scales below the cell, and in most examples, a submarginal series of spots of the same colour. On the underside, the uniform chrome-yellow colour, and the series of metallic submarginal spots on all wings, make this a readily identifiable species. The hitherto undescribed female differs from the male as follows : the paler blue-green colour extends beyond the discocellulars of the fore wing, its boundary forming an even curve from above the cell to its distal limit in cellule i ; the costa is more widely black, and bears a scattering of blue-green scales in the subcostal region, just above the end of the cell ; on the hind wing, blue-green scales cover the area between vein i to beyond vein 3, and extend into the lower part of the cell ; the submarginal parts of this area are somewhat clouded by a dusting of blackish scales, and enlivened in most individuals by clear blue-green submarginal spots. The underside is paler yellow, but is otherwise similar to that of the male. Neallotype $, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Angabunga River, 6000', xi-ii. 1904-5 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16871. Other material, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : as neallotype, 5^, 3$ ; Owgarra (-4. S. Meek), 5 $ (including holotype), i $. MANDATED NEW GUINEA : West side of Herzog Mountains, Eidie Creek, 6100', 1928 (A. F. Eichhorn), i <$. DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Weyland Mountains, Menoo Valley, Mount Kunupi, 6000', xi-xii.i92o (Pratt Bros.), i o. 226 G. E. TITE (ii) P. sublutea extensa ssp. n. (PI. 3, fig- 142- Text-fig. 69) The blue-green colour on the fore wing in the male extends farther subcostally than in the nominate subspecies, extending to within only two millimetres of the apex ; in some individuals, this colour also extends beyond the discocellulars. On the hind wing, the blue-green colour is more extensive, covering the lower half of the cell, and the area from vein i to vein 4 or beyond ; the blue-green submarginal series of spots is absent. The under surface is exactly as in sublutea. In the female, the blue-green areas are more extensive, especially those of the hind wing. Holotype (?, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Arfak Mountains, Angi Lakes, 6000', 11.1914 (Pratt Bros,), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16819. Allotype , as holotype, 1-11.1914, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16820. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : as holotype, 4 <$, i $ ; Arfak, Dohunsehik, 1400 m., 1.1928 (E. Mayr), i <$. Philiris caerulea sp. n. (Text-fig. 70) Larger than the preceding species, the male fore wing measures 14 mm. The wings are shining blue above, with wide black distal and costal margins, which encroach narrowly along the veins well into the blue area. In areas 4 and 5 of the fore wing, the distal marginal band projects inwards towards the discocellulars. The anal fold of the hind wing is dusky brown. On the underside, the colour is fiery orange-red, with a drab patch below vein i of the fore wing ; the metallic submarginal spots are represented on that wing by a rounded spot in the apex, and a tiny point below it in cellule 5 ; the hind wings of the only specimen have suffered considerable damage, and the left-hand wing is partly crippled ; two metallic spots are however observable on the right hind wing one each in areas i and 2. Holotype <$, MANDATED NEW GUINEA : Rawlinson Mountains (Keysser), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16821. Philiris hemileuca (Jordan) comb. n. Candalides hemileuca Jordan, 1930 : 282, Herzog Mountains (Type !). Candalides hemileuca Jordan ; Jordan, i93oa : 60, pi. 3, fig. 13. Distribution, MANDATED NEW GUINEA : Herzog Mountains, 6100', 1928 (A. F. Eichhorn], 2 $, (including holotype). Philiris hypoxantha (Rober) comb. n. (Text-fig. 72) Candalides hypoxantha Rober, 1926 : 375, S.W. New Guinea. The female is rather lighter brown than the male ; its fore wing distal margin is more convex, and the costal region of the hind wing in the example from Mount Goliath is pale ochreous brown. The Oetakwa River female exhibits an obscure whitish smear in the centre of the fore wing, and a dull cream-white area on the hind wing, covering the costa, the apex, and extending downwards as far as vein 5 in the outer two-thirds of the wing ; this cream-white area is sullied submarginally by a scattering of brown scales. On the underside, both females are identical with the CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 227 male. The significance of these two female forms cannot be assessed until more material is available. Distribution, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Snow Mountains, near Oetakwa River, up to 3500', 1910 (A. S. Meek), i $, i $ ; Mount Goliath, 5000', in. 1911 (A S. Meek], !<,!?; Sabang, 14^.1907, i , DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Mt. Goliath, 44o" S., i39.5o" E., 5000', iii.iQii (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16828. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Humboldt Bay, 1892 (W. Doherty), i , as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16830. Other material, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Aroa River (A. S. Meek), 13 <, ; Milne Bay (A. S. Meek), 2 <$, i $ ; Hydrographer Mountains, 2500', 1918 (Eichhorn Bros.), 7 (, 2 $ ; Kumusi River, vni.igoj (A. S. Meek), i <, i $. (iii) P. harterti melanoma ssp. n. (Text-fig. 64) In contrast to the preceding, this shows a reduction of the white areas on the hind wings ; in both sexes, the dusky area extends over the inner half of the cell, along the basal third of vein 4, bending upward and reaching the distal margin at vein 7. In all other characters the race conforms with the nominate subspecies. Holotype (, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Island of Jobi, 1892 (W. Doherty), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16831. Allotype , DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Island of Jobi, 1897 (W. Doherty), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16832. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Jobi (W. Doherty), 2 $, 6 9 ; Wandesi, (W. Doherty), 2 $. Philiris albiplaga (Joicey & Talbot) comb. n. (Text-figs. 60 and 63) Candalides albiplaga Joicey & Talbot, 1916 : 75, pi. 3, fig. 6, Schouten Islands (Type !). This species has close affinities with P. harterti, but in view of the distinctive characters both superficial and genitalic indicated below, it is deemed advisable 232 G. E. TITE to treat the insect as a separate species. The frons in both sexes is coated with dusky brown hair, in distinct contrast with the rust-red pubescence to be found in harterti. In the hitherto undescribed male, the fore wing is more square, and has a blunt apex ; the hind wing distal margin is well rounded. The white areas on all wings are even more restricted than in P. harterti melanoma ; that on the hind wing scarcely penetrating the cell, or anywhere below vein 5, or reaching basewards beyond the juncture of veins 6 and 7. The female has a less convex distal margin and a less rounded apex than does that sex of harterti ; in other respects it is very similar to the male. The male genitalia are similar to those of harterti, but differ in the shape of the claspers ; which are very broad at the base, decreasing progressively and evenly in width to their pointed apices ; on their inner surface, each has a bulbous lobe bearing a large number of obtusely pointed protuberances. No such lobe is present on the clasper of harterti. Neallotype <$, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Mefor Island, viii.i92o (C., F. 6- J. Pratt), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16833. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Schouten Islands, Biak, vi.i9i4 (A., C. & F. Pratt), i $ (holotype) ; as neallotype, i $, 2 $ ; Mefor, Suer, v-vi. 1897 (W. Doherty), i ?. Philiris praeclara sp. n. (PI. 3, fig. 150. Text-fig. 79) The fore wing measures : in the male 17 mm.; in the female 18 mm. The upperside is above smalt blue with, in certain lights, an underlying hint of purple ; it is not however a strongly opalescent colour. A black margin 1-5 mm. wide runs from the base along the costa to join the wider distal band in the apex of the wing. The latter increases in width progressively from i mm. at the tornus to 3 mm. at the apex. On the hind wing the costal area above vein 7, and the anal fold, are both dingy fuscous, the distal marginal band is i mm. in width from the tornus to vein 6, where it joins the blackish smear which occupies the upper two-thirds of area 6, and merges with the fuscous costal area. The above details refer to the holotype only ; in the male from Mambare River, all the dark marginal bands are distinctly wider. All the nervures, especially those of the hind wing are darkened with blackish scales. The female is similar to the male, but the blue colour is distinctly paler, the fore wing distal margin is of even width throughout, and the costal margin is doubled in width from the base to just beyond the cell-end. The cilia in both sexes are white, darkened with fuscous at the vein- ends and at the base. The underside is creamy white, and is without a hind marginal black spot on the hind wing. In general appearance both sexes are similar to the female of P. fulgens. Holotype <$, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Hydrographer Mountains, 2500', i (Eichhorn Bros.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16834. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16835. Other material, NEW GUINEA : 2 days north of Fak Fak, 1700', xii.i907 (A.E. Pratt], i $ ; Lower Mambare River, .1906 (A. S. Meek], i , (holotype and allotype). Philiris kumusiensis sp. n. (PI. 4, ng. 152. Text-fig. 90) Length of fore wing ; male, 11-13 mm. ; female, 13 mm. The upperside of the male is a much paler and softer shade of blue than that of intensa, its gloss being less intense ; this colour occupies only the basal two-thirds of the wings, the remainder being taken up with the wide black margins. On the fore wing the dark margin extends along the whole of the costa and upper part of the cell. The hind wing costa is whitish, and the cilia are whitish, checkered with fuscous at the vein-ends. The female is dusky earth-brown above ; on the fore wing, a nebulous grey patch is situated at the base of areas i and 2, and a streak of scattered blue scales runs from the base midway between veins i and 2. The male aedeagus bears near its free end a strongly sclerotized structure, rather like a parrot's beak in profile, and directed towards the left ; to the right of this, there extends a wide irregular band of small points, all directed to the right, and reaching across the whole dorsal surface of the organ. An attenuated column of cornuti extends from the base of the vesica to quite near the orifice. The claspers are only one-third the length of the aedeagus ; they are bulbous at the base, but taper sharply towards the blunt apex, giving a somewhat pear-like appearance. Holotype c, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Kumusi River, viii.igoy (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16840. Allotype $, as holotype, vi.i907, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16841. Other material, as holotype, I <$. Philiris argenteus (Rothschild) comb. n. (PI. 3, fig. 147. Text-fig. 91) Candalides argenteus Rothschild, 1915 : 30, Utakwa River (Type !). Similar in both sexes to kumusiensis, the male only differing by the extension of the blue colour over the fore wing cell, and by its rather narrower dusky margins. FIGS. 80-90. (J genital armature : 80, Philiris gloriosa ; 81, P. elegans ; 82, P. lavendula ; 83, P. diana ; 84, P. papuanus ; 85, P. ariadne ; 86, P. unipunctata ; 87, P. intensa ; 88, P. regina ; 89, P. zadne ; 90, P. kumusiensis. 240 G. E. TITE The male claspers are roughly triangular and terminate in a point. The longer and more slender aedeagus bears a number of back directed points below the apex, and there are no cornuti in the vesica. The hitherto undescribed female differs from kumusiensis in that the nebulous grey-blue patch on the fore wing is more extensive and is produced towards the base of the wing, covering the basal portion of area i. Neallotype $, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Snow Mountains, Upper Setekwa River, 2-3000', vii.igio (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16842. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Utakwa River, ii.iQis (A. F. R. Wollastori), i $ (holotype). Philiris kamerungae Waterhouse (i) P. kamerungae kamerungae Waterhouse Philiris kamerungae Waterhouse, 1902 : 650, Queensland. Philiris kamerungae Waterhouse ; Waterhouse, 1914 : 77, figs. 171-172. Philiris kamerungae Waterhouse ; Waterhouse, 1932 : 137, pi. 20, figs. 2-2A. The male is lighter blue above than nitens ; it has a white area in the disc of the fore wing, and another in the apical portion of the hind wing. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Queensland : Cairns ; Kuranda ; Mulgrave River. (ii) P. kamerungae lucina Waterhouse & Lyell Philiris kamerungae lucina Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 77, Cape York. Said to have the blue colour replaced by green in both sexes. This insect is not represented in the B.M. (N.H.). Philiris nitens (Grose-Smith) comb. n. (i) P. nitens nitens (Grose-Smith) (Text-fig. 92) Holochila nitens Grose-Smith, iSgSa : 107, North Queensland (Type !). Holochila nitens Grose-Smith ; Grose-Smith, 1899, pi. (Or. Lye.) 20, figs. 3-4. Waterhouse (1902 : 653) considered that nitens was synonymic with innotatus and ilias ; apparently he had no first-hand knowledge of the insect, and he does not mention the species in his subsequent publications. Examination of the male genitalia of the type shows affinity with those of kamerungae, and when more material is available for study, the two may prove to be conspecific forms or races. The male nitens has a rather more purple tinge to the blue ground colour, a much wider (2 mm.) marginal band on the hind wing, and is entirely without a discal white patch on the fore wing. All the fringes are white. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Queensland : without further data, i <$ (holotype) ; Mulgrave River, ii-iv.i907, i $. CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 241 (ii) P. nitens restricta ssp. n. In the male fore wing the blue ground colour is restricted, whereas, in nitens nitens this colour extends widely over the lower half of the cell, and the base of cellule 2 ; in restricta, it only crosses the median vein at the basal end, and barely protrudes over the base of vein 2, these areas being separated by a wedge of dusky brown reaching downward to the junction of the median vein and vein 2. On the hind wing the costal region is whitish ochreous shading to fuscous, the remainder of the wing is like that of the nominate race. The female, on all wings, is dusky brown, brightened on the fore wing by an individually variable amount of blue scaling at the base of areas i and 2. The costa of the hind wing is broadly white extending to vein 7 ; in one example, this extends over vein 7 as a nebulous pale spot, peppered with brown scales. Holotype $, AUSTRALIA : Queensland : Cedar Bay (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16843. Allotype ?, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16844. Other material, as holotype, 2 $, 2 $. Philiris azula Wind & Clench (Text-fig. 93) Philiris azula Wind & Clench, 1947 : 8, Morobe District (Type !). It may be permitted to amplify the terms of the original colour description " slightly purplish blue " by noting that the colour is distinctly blue, only acquiring a slight purple tinge when the light falls obliquely. The exact blue shade is not repeated in any other Philiris species. The cylindrical aedeagus exhibits terminally a strongly sclerotic sausage-shaped structure, bearing a number of small blunt points. A compact bunch of long cornuti are present in the vesica. The claspers are short, bulbous at the base, with a distinct shoulder on the outer margin ; they terminate in a blunt point. The species is not represented in the B.M. (N.H.). Philiris angabunga (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. (Text-fig. 94) Candalides angabunga Bethune-Baker, 1908 : 123, pi. 9, fig. 5, Angabunga River (Type !). Bethune-Baker was mistaken when he described the type as a female ; examina- tion of the genitalia reveals that it is an undoubted male. The discovery of a female having similar discoidal markings on the underside serves to confirm this. The female is brown-black above, with a large rounded white spot in the submedian area of the fore wing, and a strong blue suffusion extending from the base, below the median vein, to the inner edge of the white spot ; below vein i , the same colour extends along the hind margin to merge with the brown-black in the distal region. The hind wings are less intensely blue basally ; they bear a large white spot covering most of the outer half of the wing, and extending from the costa to vein 4. All the fringes are white, strongly checkered with fuscous at the vein-ends. The underside is like that of the male. Neallotype $, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Angabunga River, 6000', xi-ii. 1904-5 (A. S. Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16845. Other material, as neallotype, i < (holotype). 242 G. E. TITE Philiris fulgens (Grose-Smith & Kirby) comb. n. (i) P. fulgens fulgens (Grose-Smith & Kirby) (Text-fig. 95) Holochila fulgens Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1897 : 8, pi. 10, figs. 14-15, Amboina (Type !). Candalides fulgens (Grose-Smith & Kirby) Griinberg (in Seitz), 1921 : 854, pi. I45g. Distribution, MOLUCCAS : Amboina (Wallace), i $ (holotype) ; Amboina (Hewitsori), i $ ; Central Ceram, 3000', xii.igig (C., F. 6- /. Pratt), i <$. (ii) P. fulgens bicolorata Wind & Clench Philiris fulgens bicolorata Wind & Clench, 1947 : 9, Aru Islands. Not represented in B.M. (N.H.). (iii) P. fulgens septentrionalis Joicey & Talbot Philiris fulgens septentrionalis Joicey & Talbot, 1916 : 76, Biak (Type !). Distribution, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Schouten Islands, Biak, vi.igi4 (A., C. & F. Pratt) , i <$, (holotype) ; Kapaur, i $. (iv) P. fulgens kurandae Waterhouse stat. n. Philiris kurandae Waterhouse, 1902 : 651, Cairns District. Philiris kurandae Waterhouse ; Waterhouse, 1932 : 138, pi. 20, figs. 3~3A. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Queensland : Kuranda ; Cedar Bay. Philiris remissa sp. n. (PI. 4, fig. 153) Length of fore wing in the male : 16 mm. The fore wing apex is somewhat acute, despite a slight prominence at vein 4 in the distal margin. All wings are shining purple ; their blackish margins are i to 2 mm. wide, widening at vein 3 into the blackish apical area. Beneath, the ground colour has a slightly cream tinge, which is not found in the previous species. There is a brown smear at the base of cellule i of the fore wing. Holotype <, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Kumusi River, vii.igoy (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16846. Although this species is closely related to fulgens, and the male genitalia of the two cannot be differentiated, in view of the obvious macroscopical characters and the shortage of material, it is thought advisable to treat remissa as a good species. Philiris moluccana sp. n. (Text-fig. 96) The fore wing in both sexes measures 15-16 mm.; its apex is obtuse. In the male, on all wings the colour changes by light refraction from rose-brown to bright bluish purple ; the wide margins are dusky brown, and so merge with the ground colour, especially the rose-brown tint, that their inner limits are difficult to determine. Above vein 6 on the hind wing, there is a wide longitudinal streak of bluish purple, extending almost to the apex, and quite unaffected by refraction. The fringes are somewhat tattered but appear to be mainly fuscous, those of CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 243 the hind wing however showing traces of whitish scales between the vein-ends. In the female the wings are dusky earth-brown, with on the fore wing a wide grey-blue smear extending below the median vein from the base to within 4 mm. of the distal margin. Beneath, both sexes are satin-white with a faint greyish tinge, only marked by the hind marginal black spot on the hind wing, and the black fringe spots at the vein-ends. Holotype <$, MOLUCCAS : Obi, Laiwui, ix.i8g7 (W. Doherty), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16847. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16848. Other material, as holotype, i $. Philiris mayri Wind & Clench (Text-fig. 97) Philiris mayri Wind & Clench, 1947 : 14, Arfak Mountains (Type !). In the B.M. (N.H.) is a short series of both sexes, which were evidently taken by Dr. Mayr with the type ; their identity has now been established by careful com- parison with the type. A trifling but unique character not mentioned in the original description is observable in the male fore wings ; it consists of a scattering of white scales along the veins in the disc of the wing, obvious under a lens, and just visible to the naked eye. The hitherto undescribed female is similar to that of subovata; the ground colour above is dingy brown-black, and the central rounded white spot on the fore wing is even larger than in that species, extending from vein i to vein 4, and from the median vein to within 3 mm. of the margin. Scattered blue scales are present at the base of the wing. On the hind wing the costa is whitish to below vein 7. In contrast to the ochreous tipped antennal knobs of subovata, those of mayri are completely black. Neallotype $, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Arfak Mountains, Mount Siwi, 800 m., 15^.1928 (E. Mayr}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16849. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : as neallotype, iv-vi.i928, 4 $, 3 $ ; Momi, 2500', iii.igio (C. 6- F. Pratt), i $. Philiris ziska (Grose-Smith) comb. n. (Text-fig. 98) Holochila ziska Grose-Smith, 1898 : u, pi. 13, figs. 11-12, Kapaur (Type !), <$ nee $. Candalides pratti Bethune-Baker, 1908 : 122, pi. 8, fig. 13, Dutch New Guinea (Type !), syn. n. The female described and figured by Grose-Smith cannot be the true female of this species, as its hind wing beneath bears no indication of a black hind-marginal dot. It bears some resemblance to that sex of P. praeclara, but is more heavily bordered with blackish, and the bordering of the hind wing extends in wide rays along the submedian veins. Its true identity cannot be ascertained until more material is available. Distribution, NEW GUINEA : Waigeu (Wallace), i $ ; Kapaur (W. Doherty}, 4 $ (including type) ; Dorey (W. Doherty}, i < ; Fak Fak, v-vi.igos (A E. Pratt}, i <$ 244 G. E. TITE (type of pratti) ; Ninay Valley (A. E. Pratt], i < ; Astrolabe Range (Dodd), i $ ; Humboldt Bay, ix-x.i892 (W. Doherty), i $ ; Snow Mountains, near Oetakwa River, x-xii.igio (A.S. Meek), i<$ ; Utakwa River, Base Camp, 1.1913 (A. F. R. Wollaston), i <$ ; Hydrographer Mountains (A. S. Meek), i $ ; Milne Bay (A.S. Meek), i < ; Welsh River (Weiske), i <$. Philiris misimensis Wind & Clench (Text-fig. 99) Philiris misimensis Wind & Clench, 1947 : 15, Morobe District (Type !). Only known from the male holotype, this species is similar on the upperside to the male of P. philotoides, its shape, dusky purple colour, and size, all being as in that species. The dark margins of the fore wing are decidedly wider, especially so at the apex. As indicated in the key the distinctive underside is a ready means of identification. The aedeagus is widened towards its extremity, and exhibits on the left side of this widening a densely sclerotised structure, bearing a series of outwardly directed teeth of various sizes. The vesica contains an elongate patch of stout cornuti. The claspers are short and curved, each terminates in an inwardly directed point. The species is not represented in the B.M. (N.H.). Philiris tombara sp. n. (PI. 4, fig. 165. Text-fig. 100) Both sexes are like lucescens in appearance and size. In the male, the fore wing apex is more widely black, extending from 6 mm. at the apex, and tapering sharply to 1-5 mm. at the tornus. The black margin of the hind wing is also wider, more than i mm., expanding in cellule 6 to 2-5 mm. The costa is dingy fuscous. On the fore wing of the female, the basal blue scarcely extends beyond the origin of vein 2 ; the white discal half-band is clear white, spreading from the hind margin over the central third of area i, and the bases of areas 2, 3 and 4. The hind wing is mainly dusky brown, of a paler tint than the fore wing, with a few scattered blue scales toward the base, and the costa laved with white. Both sexes are like lucescens beneath. The male claspers are roughly triangular, with a rounded apex ; the aedeagus is long and slender, with only one elongate patch of rather weak cornuti. Holotype <$, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : New Ireland, ii-iii. (A. F. Eichhorri), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16850. Allotype , as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16851. Other material, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : New Ireland, xii-ii. 1923-4 (A. F. Eichhorn), 3 $ ; New Britain, Talesea, iii-iv.i923 (A. F. Eichhorn), i <, 2 $ ; Rook Island, viii.1913 (A. S. Meek), i $, i $. Philiris phengotes sp. n. (PI. 4, fig. 160. Text-fig. 101) As compared with moira, the male has broader wings ; the fore wing apex is even more obtuse, and its distal margin more convex. All the wings above are an intense blue-purple, which from a side view reveals a refractive reddish lustre ; the margins are narrowly black, CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 245 only widening to approximately 2 mm. at the fore wing apex. The cilia are dusky brown, those of the hind wing being distinctly lighter in colour between the vein-ends. In the female, the colour is dusky brown ; a wash of light blue scales covers the basal part of area i on the fore wing, and merges with the rounded white spot occupying the bases of areas 2 and 3 ; the hind wing costa is broadly white. Beneath, both sexes are rather soiled white, with only a dim lustre. The black spot is present near the hind margin of the hind wing. The male claspers viewed ventrally are roughly oval, twice as long as broad, and with an inconspicuous and very obtuse angle at the apex. In the vesica, the innermost patch of cornuti is larger than that of innotatus, and the central patch also is greater in extent, and consists of more closely packed spines. The outermost series is similar to that of innotatus, Holotype $, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Kokoda, 1200', iv.ig33 (L. E. Cheesman), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16852. Allotype 9, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16853. Other material, as holotype, i <, i 9- Philiris dinawa (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. (Text-fig. 102) Candalides dinawa Bethune-Baker, 1908 : 122, Dinawa (Type !). The male scarcely differs from moira above ; but whereas the white underside of that species has a matt surface that of dinawa glistens, and in certain lights shows a subtle suspicion of shining bronze. Distribution, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Dinawa, 4000' (A. E. Pratt], i <$, i 9 (holotype and allotype) ; Upper Aroa River (A. S. Meek], i 9 ; Hydrographer Mountains (Eichhorn Bros.), i $. Philiris melanacra sp. n. (PI. 4, fig. 154. Text-fig. 103) Both sexes are of the same shape, size and appearance as lucescens. In the male above, the ground colour is dull purple, without the strong blue refraction of that species. In the female, the blue areas are more restricted than in that sex of lucescens, and the white discal area on the fore wing is only represented by a lightening of the blue. A dusky discocellular lunule closes the hind wing cell. The underside and fringes are as in the species mentioned above. The male genitalia are quite distinct, and differ from those of lucescens as follows : the uncus lobes are produced to form two horn-like structures ; the sub-unci are shorter ; the claspers are bifid, each terminating in two lobes, the ventral lobe being more strongly sclerotized ; in the aedeagus, the vesical cornuti are much longer. Holotype <$, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : Witu or French Islands, vi.ig25 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16854. Allotype 9, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16855. Other material, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : as holotype, vi-viii.i925, 4 <$, 4 9 ; New Ireland, xi-xii.ig23 (A. F. Eichhorn), i 9 ; Neupommern, Herbertshohe (Hagen), 2 $ ; New Britain, i 9 ; Rook Island, vii-viii.1913 (A. S. Meek], i ^, 3 9- 246 G. E. TITE 91 92 93 1O1 CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 247 Philiris lucescens sp. n. (PL 4, fig. 156. Text-fig. 104) The fore wing measures 14 to 15 mm.; its apex is acute, and its distal margin only slightly rounded. On all wings, the purple ground is the same colour as that of moira, exhibiting a distinctly blue refractive lustre. The black margin of the fore wing commences narrowly at the tornus, widening rapidly towards the apex to a width of 5 mm., and then narrowing again to 2 mm. along the costa. On the hind wing, the distal margin is narrowly black ; it is not widened below the apex as is that of moira ; the costal margin is widely pale fawn but this colour is usually hidden by the fore wing. In the female, the basal blue scaling on the fore wing extends over area i and the lower half of the cell, and gradually merges with the dusky margins ; it encloses a white area situated in the base of areas 2 and 3. The hind wing is blue at the base, becoming lighter, and intermixed with some fuscous scaling as it approaches the wide dusky brown margin. In both sexes, the fringes are brown basally, and at the vein-ends, the intervals being filled in with white. The slightly lustrous white underside is relieved only by the black spot near the hind margin of the hind wing, and the darkened bases of the fringes. In all the males dissected, the claspers are asymmetrical, the left one being outwardly concave, and terminating in a blunt point ; in each case the right clasper has this point depressed, appearing as if distorted by pressure. The innermost patch of cornuti in the vesica is not observable ; it is either absent or united with the middle patch. This middle patch is very densely spined, and is at least four times the extent of that of phengotes. The final series of cornuti is scattered, and merges with the small points on the terminal lobe. Holotype $, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : Rook Island, vi-vii.igis (A. S. Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16856. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16857. Other material, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : as holotype, i <$ ; New Britain, Talesea, i-iv.i925 (A. F. Eichhorri), 3 <$. Philiris innotatus (Miskin) (i) P. innotatus innotatus (Miskin) (Text-fig. 105) Pseudodipsas innotatus Miskin, 1874 : 165, Brisbane. Philiris ilias innotatus (Miskin) Waterhouse, 1932 : 137, pi. 20, figs. I-IA. Philiris innotatus (Miskin) ; Wind & Clench, 1947 : n. Viewed ventrally the male claspers are concave, and terminate in an inwardly directed subrectangular apex ; their outer margin is straight, but the appearance of these organs is greatly influenced by the angle from which they are viewed. The cylindrical aedeagus contains within the vesica three separate clusters of cornuti : the first is an oval patch, consisting of a dense mass of short strong points, and is situated deep in the vesica ; above this, a number of much longer and paler spines run upwards in series ; finally, a line of stout strongly sclerotic points, diminishing in size, extend to the orifice, spreading over on to the external surface of the aedeagus. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Brisbane. FIGS. 91-101. (J genital armature : 91, Philiris argenteus ; 92, P. nitens ; 93, P. azula ; 94, P. angabunga ; 95, P. fulgens ; 96, P. moluccana ; 97, P. vnayri ; 98, P. ziska ; 99, P. misimensis ; too, P. tombara ; 101, P. phengotes. 248 G. E. TITE (ii) P. innotatus evinculis Wind & Clench Philiris innotatus evinculis Wind & Clench, 1947 : n, N. Queensland. Distribution, AUSTRALIA : Northern Queensland. Philiris riuensis sp. n. (PL 4, fig. 163. Text-fig. 106) In the male very similar to phengotes, it has the same size, wing shape, and reddish refractive lustre ; it can be differentiated by the decidedly wider dark margins on all wings, that of the fore wing attaining a width of 3 mm. at the apex. The dusky brown female bears some re- semblance to that sex of innotatus ; it has an even greater expanse of light shining blue on the fore wing, which colour covers the lower half of the cell, and extends broadly over the base and disc of the wing, to within 2 mm. of the margin in area 2. A blue wash spreads from the base of the hind wing in most individuals, and in some spreads over most of the cell, with an additional streak running outwards below the median vein and vein 2. The fringes are white, checkered with black in both sexes. The male claspers terminate in an acute point, and the cornuti of the central patch in the vesica are more feeble and less closely arranged than in philotes. Holotype <$, LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO : Sudest Island, Mt. Riu, 2000', v.igi6 (Eichhorn Bros.}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16858. Allotype $, as holotype, iii.igiG, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16859. Other material, LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO: as holotype, ii-v. 1916, i $, 8 $; St. Aignan, viii-xi.i897 (A. S. Meek], 2 <$, 4 $. Philiris moira (Grose-Smith) (i) P. moira moira (Grose-Smith) (Text-fig. 107) Holochila moira Grose-Smith, 1899 : 18, pi. (Or. Lye.) 18, figs. 9-11, Fergusson Island (Type !), cJ nee ?. The wings of the male are more intensely purple on the upperside, and the fore wings are less pointed than in the preceding species. The female allotype is probably misplaced here. In the male, only the extreme tip of the antennal club is touched with yellow, whereas in the allotype the club is covered with that colour to the extent of the terminal half above, and two-thirds below. The insect in question is most probably an intensa female. Females with antennae similar to those of the male, and with a large pale blue patch on the fore wing may prove to be true moira females. The male genitalia are similar to those of innotatus ; they differ in the shape of the clasper, which appears from a ventral view-point as an inverted pear, with a blunt projection on its distal edge. In the vesica, the series of strong points running towards the orifice are almost twice as large as those of that species. Distribution, NEW GUINEA : Dorey ; Kapaur ; Weyland Mountains ; Humboldt Bay ; Erina ; Snow Mountains ; Dampier Island ; Vulcan Island ; Fergusson Island. CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 249 (ii) P. moira putih Wind & Clench Philiris moira putih Wind & Clench, 1947 : 12, Port Moresby, British New Guinea. It has not been possible to see the type, or to identify specimens of this subspecies. Philiris ignobilis (Joicey & Talbot) comb. n. (Text-fig. 108) Candalides ignobilis Joicey & Talbot, igi6a : 81, Wandammen Mountains (Type !). The male claspers show considerable variation in length ; the figure depicts those of the type. Distribution, ARU-NEW GUINEA : Dobo, i $ ; Aru, i <$ ; Kapaur, i $ ; Wandam- men Mountains 3000-4000', xi.i9i4 (Pratt Bros.), i $ (holotype) ; Mt. Goliath, 5000', iii.iQii (A. S. Meek], i ; Mambare River, Biagi, 5000', iv.igoG (.4. S Meek), !< ; Owgarra, v.igo3 (A.S. Meek], i<$ ; Kumusi River, vi.igo7 (A.S. Meek], i $ ; Goodenough Island, 2500-4000', V.IQI3 (A. S. Meek], i <$. Philiris albicostalis sp. n. (PI. 4, fig. 159. Text-fig. 109) The male fore wing measures 15 mm. The colour above shades by refraction from brownish purple to bright blue-purple ; all wing margins are broadly brown black ; that of the fore wing measuring 2 mm. at the hind angle, increasing slightly to vein 4, from whence it broadens rapidly to 6 mm. at the apex. On the hind wing, the margin is rather narrower, and only reaches vein 7 ; the costa is broadly white as far as vein 6. The underside is like that of ilias. Holotype <, MANDATED NEW GUINEA : Astrolabe Bay (C. Wahnes), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16860. Philiris marginata (Grose-Smith) (Text-fig, no) Holochila marginata Grose-Smith, 1894 : 579, Humboldt Bay (Type !). Holochila marginata Grose-Smith ; Grose-Smith, 1898, pi. (Or. Lye.) 13, figs. 9-10. The male claspers are triangular, with sharply pointed apices ; the aedeagus is cylindrical, reduced in width before the apex, and contains in the vesica a single bunch of strong cornuti. Distribution, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Humboldt Bay, ix-x.i892 (W. Doherty}> i c? (holotype). Philiris doreia sp. n. (Text-fig, in) Of the same size and appearance as P. ilias, but can be readily recognized by the much broader black apex on the fore wing, and by the costal margin of the hind wing being widely washed with tawny white. The purple ground colour is more intense, and shows a distinct reddish glow in certain lights. The male claspers are very like those of areas, but their apices are more produced. The aedeagus is long and slender ; its vesica is without cornuti. 250 G. E. TITE Holotype , DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Dorey, vi.iSgy (W. Doherty), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16861. Other material, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Kapaur (Crowley Bequest], i $. Philiris goliathensis sp. n. (PI. 4, fig. 166. Text-fig. 112) The male has a fore wing measurement of 15 mm. On the upperside, the purple colour has a bright violet reflection, which separates the insect at once from the dusky purple vicina which follows. On the fore wing, the blackish margin is narrow in the basal half of the costa, never penetrating into the cell ; beyond this it widens, filling the whole apical region, including cellule 5, and all but the basal portion of cellule 4, from whence its inner edge swings in an even arc to meet the hind margin 2 mm. from the hind angle. Black scales darken the distal parts of the submedian veins. The veins of the hind wing are similarly darkened, and the dark margins are narrow, being about i mm. in width. The costa is pale brownish buff. All the fringes are checkered at the vein-ends, this is especially noticeable on the hind wing. Beneath, all wings are shining pearly white ; there is a well marked brownish patch at the base of cellule i on the fore wing. The hind wing is unmarked except for the small black dot near the hind margin. The male claspers are triangular as in the previous species, but their much sharper apices are slightly curved. The short stout aedeagus contains within the vesica a small bunch of short cornuti, lying in the withdrawn organ, opposite a much larger bunch of longer ones. Holotype . 115 116 117 118 119 FIGS. 114-119. (J genital armature : 114, Philiris albihumerata ; 115, P. satis ; 116, P. ilias ; 117, P. subovata ; 118, P. areas ; 119, P. kapaura. CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 255 The species listed below were included in Candalides by Grunberg (in Seitz) and by some subsequent authors. All possess hairy eyes, and their male genitalia exhibit a simple uncus without subuncal hooks, whereas the Candalides group have smooth eyes and well developed subunci. Holochila blackburni Tuely has already been removed to the genus Vaga Zimmerman ; the others cannot be retained in the group, and the following assignment is suggested : Vaga blackburni (Tuely) Holochila blackburni Tuely, 1878 : 9, Sandwich Islands. Vaga blackburni (Tuely) Zimmerman, 1958 : 491. Celastrina owgarra (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. Holochila owgarra Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 100, Owgarra (Type !). Parelodina mima Joicey & Talbot, 1916 : 81, Wandammen Mountains (Type !), syn. n. Celastrina meeki (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. (i) C. meeki meeki (Bethune-Baker) Candalides meeki Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 101, Owgarra (Type !). (ii) C. meeki arfaki (Bethune-Baker) comb. n. Candalides arfaki Bethune-Baker, 1909 : 184, North New Guinea (Type !). (iii) C. meeki kunupiensis (Wind & Clench) comb. n. Candalides meeki kunupiensis Wind & Clench, 1947 : 3, Weyland Mountains. Genus? zita Grose-Smith Holochila zita Grose-Smith, 1895 : 511, Tenimber (Type !). Since the only four known specimens of this species are females, it is deemed inadvisable to place them in any known genus at present. Their hairy eyes, and the formation of vein 12 of the fore wing which anastomoses with vein n for a short distance, preclude their inclusion in the Candalides group of genera. REFERENCES BETHUNE-BAKER, G. T. 1904. New Lepidoptera from British New Guinea. Novit. Zool. 11 : 3 6 7-3 2 9, 3 p!s. - 1906. New Species of Lycaenidae from British New Guinea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 17 : 100-104. - 1908. Descriptions of New Species of Butterflies of the Division Rhopalocera from Africa and from New Guinea. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 : 110-126, 2 pis. - 1909. Descriptions of three new Species of Rhopalocera from North New Guinea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 4 : 183-185, 2 figs. 256 G. E. TITE BOISDUVAL, J. B. A. 1832. Voyage de decouvertes de I'Astrolabe, Entomologie, 1, 716 pp. Paris. BURNS, A. N. 1947. New Geographical Races of Australian Butterflies . . . Mem. nat. Mus., Melb. No. 15 : 86-102, 6 pis., 5 maps. BUTLER, A. G. 1882. Descriptions of new Species of Lepidoptera chiefly from Duke of York Island and New Britain. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 10 : 149-160. Cox, H. R. 1873. Entomological Notes from South Australia. Entomologist 6 : 401-402. DRUCE, HAMILTON H. 1897. Descriptions of four new species of Lycaenidae from the Eastern Archipelago. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 19 : 14-16. - 1904. Descriptions of new Species of Lycaenidae from Borneo and New Guinea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 13 : 140-142. FABRICIUS, C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae , 832 pp. Flensburgi et Lipsiae. FELDER, C. 1860. Lepidopterorum Amboinensium. 5. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 12 : 473-496. - 1862. Verzeichniss der von den Naturforschern der k. k. Fregatte Novara (Macrolep.) Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 473-496. GODART, J. B. 1819. Encyclopedic Methodique 9, 828 pp. Paris. GROSE-SMITH, H. 1894. An Account of a Collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera made by Mr. Doherty . . . pt. 3. Novit. Zool. 1 : 571-583. - 1895. Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies, captured by Mr. Doherty in the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago . . . pt. 2. Novit. Zool. 2 : 505-514. - 1897-1902. Rhopalocera Exotica 3, 206 pp., 60 pis. London. - i8g7a. Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 20 : 515-518. - i8g8a. Descriptions of new Species of Oriental Butterflies. Novit. Zool. 5 : 103-110. GROSE-SMITH, H. & KIRBY, W. H. 1892-1897. Rhopalocera Exotica 2, 252 pp., 60 pis. London. GRUNBERG, K. 1908-1927. In Seitz, The Macrolepidoptera of the World 9, 1197 pp., 177 pis. Stuttgart. GUEST, E. 1882. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera about Balhannah, Co. Adelaide, with descrip- tions of new or little-known Species. Trans, roy. Soc. S. Aust. 5 : 34-37. HARRIS, E. J. W. 1952. A new race of the Butterfly, Candalides josephina Semper. N. Qd Nat. 20 : 33. HUBNER, J. 1806-1819. Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge. 1, 213 pis. Augsburg. - 1816-1826. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge, 431 pp. Augsburg. JOICEY, J. J. & TALBOT, G. 1916. New Lepidoptera from the Schouten Islands. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 1916 : 65-83, 4 pis. - igi6a. New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 17 : 68-90, 4 pis. - 1917. New Lepidoptera from Waigeu, Dutch New Guinea and Biak. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 20 : 216-229. JORDAN, K. 1930. Some new Butterflies and Moths from Eastern New Guinea. Novit. Zool. 35 : 277-287. - i93oa. Butterflies from the Herzog Mountains, Eastern New Guinea. Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 5 : 56-60. LUCAS, T. P. 1890. New Species of Queensland Butterflies. Proc. roy. Soc. Qd (1889) 6 : 117-119. MEYRICK, E. 1888. Descriptions of new Australian Rhopalocera. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) 2 : 827-834. MISKIN, W. H. 1890. Descriptions of hitherto undescribed Australian Lepidoptera (Rhopa- locera). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 5 : 29-43. MONTAGUE, P. D. 1914. A report on the Fauna of the Monte Bello Islands. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1914 : 625-652. CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 257 OLLIFF, A. S. 1886. A new Butterfly of the Family Lycaenidae from the Blue Mountains. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 10 : 716-717. RILEY, N. D. 1928. Descriptions of two new Lycaenidae in the British Museum. Ento- mologist 61 : 187-188. - 1930. Adaluma urumelia Tindale (1922) = Candalides wilkinsi Riley (1928). Ento- mologist 63 : 2 i 1-2 i 2. ROBER, J. 1886. Neue Tagschmetterlinge der Indo-Australischen Fauna. Iris 1 : 45-72. - 1891. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Indo-Australischen Lepidopterenfauna. Tijdschr. Ent. 34 : 261-334. - 1926. Lepidopterologisches. Ent. Mitt. 15 : 372-377. ROSENSTOCK, R. 1885. Notes on Australian Lepidoptera, with Descriptions of new Species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 16 : 376-385. ROTHSCHILD, HON. W. 1915. Lepidoptera of the British Ornithologists' Union and Wollaston Expeditions in the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea. Macrolepidoptera, 182 pp., 2 pis. Tring. ROTHSCHILD, LORD, igisa. On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier, and Vulcan Islands (continued). Novit. Zool. 22 : 387-402. SEMPER, G. 1879. Beitrag zur Rhopalocerenfauna von Australien. /. Mus. Godeffroy, 5 : 138-194, 2 pis. SMALES, M. & LEDWARD, C. P. 1943. Notes on the life Histories of some Lycaenid Butterflies, pt. 2. Qd Nat. 12 : 47-52. STAUDINGER, O. 1888. Exotische Schmetterlinge 1, 333 pp., 100 pis., Fiirth, Bayern. SWAINSON, W. 1831-1833. Zoological Illustrations, or original Figures and Descriptions of new, rare, or interesting Animals ... 2. London. TEPPER, J. G. O. 1882. The Papilionidae of South Australia. Trans, roy. Soc. S. Aust. 4 : 25-36, 2 pis. TINDALE, N. B. 1922. On a new Genus and species of Australian Lycaeninae. Trans, roy. Soc. S. Aust. 46 : 537-538, i pi. TUELY, N. C. 1878. Description of a new Species of Butterfly from the Sandwich Islands. Ent. mon. Mag. 15 : 9-10. WATERHOUSE, G. A. 1902. Notes on Australian Rhopalocera : Lycaenidae. Proc Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 27 : 331-342 ; 648-653. - 1903. Notes on Australian Rhopalocera : Lycaenidae pt. 3. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 28 : 132-275, 2 pis. - 1928. Notes on Australian Lycaenidae pt. 6. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 53 : 401-412. - 1932. What Butterfly is That? 291 pp., 34 pis. Sydney. - 1942. Notes on Australian Butterflies in the Australian Museum No. 2. Rec. Aust. Mus. 21 : 123-125, fig. i. WIND, R. G. & CLENCH, H. K. 1947. New Indo-Australian Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 42 : 1-16. ZIMMERMAN, E. C. 1958. Insects of Hawaii, 7, Macrolepidoptera. 542 pp., 423 figs. Honolulu. G. E. TITE INDEX (Synonyms are shown in italics) absimilis Felder, Holochila, 211 acasta (Cox), Erina, 217 ADULUMA Tindale, 221 aequalis (Gross-Smith), Philiris refusa ssp., 236 aerata (Montague), Microscena heathi ssp., 221 agatha (Gross-Smith), Philiris, 230 albicostalis sp. n. Philiris, 249 albihumerata sp. n. Philiris, 252 albiplaga (Joicey and Talbot), Philiris, 231 alpina (Waterhouse), Microscena heathi ssp., 221 amblypodina (Rober), Philiris griseldis griseldis syn., 228 androdus Miskin, Holochila helenita syn., 206 angabunga (Bethune-Baker), Philiris, 241 anita (Semper), Erina acasta syn., 217 apicalis sp. n. Philiris, 227 ardosiacea sp. n. Holochila, 206 arfaki (Bethune-Baker), Celastrina meeki ssp., 255 ariadne Wind & Clench, Philiris, 235 argenteus (Rothschild), Philiris, 239 aroa (Bethune-Baker), Philiris agatha syn., 230 aurelia (Grose-Smith), Philiris griseldis ssp., 227 aurelioides Rothschild, Philiris griseldis ssp., 228 azula Wind & Clench, Philiris, 241 biaka sp. n. Holochila, 205 bicolorata Wind & Clench, Philiris fulgens ssp., 242 birou Wind & Clench, Philiris intensa ssp., 237 blackburni (Tuely), Vaga, 255 butleri (Smith & Kirby), Philiris intensa ssp., 236 bysos (Boisduval), Candalides, 215 caerulea sp. n., Philiris, 226 CANDALIDES Hiibner, 215 canescens (Miskin), Erina acasta syn., 217 cineraceus (Joicey & Talbot), Philiris griseldis syn., 228 coerulea (Rober), Holochila, 210 consimilis (Waterhouse), Holochila, 213 cuprea (Rober), Holochila, 206 cyana (Bethune-Baker), Philiris, 225 cyanites (Meyrick), Erina hyacinthina syn., 216 CYPROTIDES Gen. n., 213 cyprotus (Oliff), Cyprotides, 213 diana Waterhouse & Lyell, Philiris, 235 dimorpha (Rober), Holochila, 206 dinawa (Bethune-Baker), Philiris, 245 doddi (Burns), Microscena heathi ssp., 221 doreia ssp n., Holochila coerulea, 210 doreia sp. n., Philiris, 249 dubitata (Smith & Kirby), Philiris griseldis ssp., 228 elegans sp. n., Philiris, 234 ERINA Swainson, 216 erina (Fabricius), Erina, 217 eugenia (Waterhouse & Lyell), Erina hyacinthina ssp., 217 evinculis Wind & Clench, Philiris innotatus ssp., 248 extensa ssp. n., Philiris sublutea, 226 fulgens (Smith & Kirby), 242 gilberti (Waterhouse), Holochila, 205 gisella (Staudinger), Philiris griseldis ssp., 227 gloriosa (Bethune-Baker), Philiris, 232 goliathensis sp. n., Philiris, 250 grandis (Grose-Smith), Philiris griseldis gisella syn., 227 grandis (Bethune-Baker), Holochila grandissima syn., 211 grandissima (Bethune-Baker), Holochila, 211 griseldis (Staudinger), Philiris, 227, 228 harterti (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 230 heathi (Cox), Microscena, 221 helenita Semper, Holochila, 206 hemileuca Jordan, Philiris, 226 HOLOCHILA Felder, 202 hubnerii (Godart), Candalides xanthospilos syn., 215 hyacinthina (Semper), Erina, 217 hypoxantha (Rober), Philiris, 226 ianthina sp. n., Philiris, 229 ignobilis (Joicey & Talbot), Philiris, 249 ilias Felder, Philiris, 252 innotatus (Miskin), Philiris, 247 intensa (Butler), Philiris, 237 josephina (Harris), Erina hyacinthina var., 217 kamerungae Waterhouse, Philiris, 240 kapaura sp. n., Philiris, 253 CANDALIDES AND ALLIED GENERA 259 kumusiensis sp. n., Philiris, 239 kunupiensis (Wind & Clench), Celastrina meeki ssp., 255 kurandae Waterhouse, Philiris fulgens ssp., 242 lamia Grose-Smith, Holochila, 208 lavendula sp. n., Philiris, 234 leucoma ssp. n., Philiris harterti, 231 limbata sp. n., Holochila, 207 lucescens sp. n., Philiris, 247 lucina Waterhouse & Lyell, Philiris kamerungae ssp., 240 margarita Semper, Holochila, 204 marginata (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 249 maria (Bethune-Baker), Holochila, 205 mayri Wind & Clench, Philiris, 243 meeki (Bethune-Baker), Celastrina, 255 meforensis sp. n., Holochila, 207 melanacra ssp. n., Philiris ziska, 245 melanoma ssp., n., Philiris harterti, 231 MICROSCENA gen. n., 219 mima (Joicey & Talbot), Celastrina owgarra syn., 255 misimensis Wind & Clench, Philiris, 244 mneia Druce, Philiris griseldis gisella syn., 227 moerens (Rosenstock), Erina acasta syn., 217 moira Grose-Smith, Philiris, 248 moluccana sp. n., Philiris, 242 montigena sp. n., Philiris, 230 morobea (Wind & Clench), Holochila grandissima ssp., 211 neurapacuna (Bethune-Baker), Holochila, 209 nitens (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 240 obiana sp. n., Philiris, 229 oreas sp. n., Philiris, 253 owgarra (Bethune-Baker), Celastrina, 255 pallescens ssp. n., Cyprotides cyprotus, 215 papuanus Wind & Clench, Philiris diana ssp., 235 paradoxa (Guest), Microscena heathi syn., 221 parvifascia (Rothschild), Philiris griseldis syn., 228 persimilis (Waterhouse), Holochila, 213 phengotes sp. n., Philiris, 244 PHILIRIS Rober, 222 philotas (Felder), Philiris, 229 philotoides sp. n., Philiris, 229 praeclara sp., n., Philiris, 232 pratti (Bethune-Baker), Philiris ziska syn., 243 pruina (Druce), Holochila, 208 pulchella (Swainson), Candalides xanthospilos syn., 215 purpurea (Grose-Smith & Kirby), Cyprotides cyprotus syn., 213 putih Wind & Clench, Philiris moira ssp., 249 refusa (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 236 regina (Butler), 237 remissa sp. n., Philiris, 242 restricta ssp. n., Philiris nitens, 241 riuensis sp. n., Philiris, 248 riuensis sp. n., Holochila, 208 satis sp. n., Philiris, 252 septentrionalis Joicey & Talbot, Philiris fulgens ssp., 242 silicea Grose-Smith, Holochila, 207 simplexa (Tepper), Erina hyacinthina ssp., 216 speirion Druce, Philiris griseldis ssp., 228 stevensi Wind & Clench, Erina erina ssp., 219 subargentea Smith & Kirby, Holochila helenita syn., 206 sublutea (Bethune-Baker), Philiris, 225 subovata (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 253 subpallidus Lucas, Erina erina syn., 217 subrosea Grose-Smith, Holochila coerulea ssp., 210 sudesta ssp. n., Erina erina, 219 sumbensis ssp. n., Erina erina, 218 taamensis ssp. n., Erina erina, 218 tenimberensis ssp. n., Erina erina, 219 theleos Druce, Philiris philotas syn., 229 timorensis ssp. n., Erina erina, 218 tombara sp. n., Philiris, 244 tringa Grose-Smith, Holochila, 205 tualensis (Rober), Erina erina ssp., 218 unipunctata (Bethune-Baker), Philiris, 235 urumelia Tindale, Adaluma, 222 vicina (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 250 violetta (Rober), Philiris, 225 viriditincta sp. n., Holochila, 209 wilkinsi Riley, Adaluma urumelia syn., 222 xanthospilos (Hiibner), Candalides, 215 zadne (Grose-Smith), Philiris, 239 ziska (Smith & Kirby), Philiris, 243 zita (Grose-Smith), gen. n., 255 PLATE i (Uppersides) FIG. 120. Holochila biaka, <$, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32342. FIG. 121. H. biaka, ?, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32342. FIG. 122. H. ardosiacea, g, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32344. FIG. 123. H. ardosiacea, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32344. FIG. 124. H. meforensis, <$, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32346. FIG. 125. H. meforensis, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32348. FIG. 126. H. riuensis, <$, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32348. FIG. 127. H. riuensis, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32350. FIG. 128. H. viriditincta, <$, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32352. FIG. 129. H. viriditincta, ?, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32354. FIG. 130. H. limbata, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32346. LU < J 0- PLATE 2 (Undersides) FIG. 131. Holochila biaka, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32343. FIG. 132. H. biaka, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32343. FIG. 133. H. ardosiacea, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32345. FIG. 134. H. ardosiacea, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32345. FIG. 135. H. meforensis, , B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32349. FIG. 137. H. riuensis, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32349. FIG. 138. H. riuensis, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32351. FIG. 139. H. viriditincta, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32353. FIG. 140. H. viriditincta, $, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 32355. FIG. 141. H. limbata, Clasper in side view short and stout ......... 7 Clasper in side view slender .......... 9 Clasper in side view with upper apical angle produced in a slender finger, forming a rounded lobe in ventral view, lower apical angle also produced inwards in a rounded lobe ......... . maculata sp. n. Clasper in side view stout, upcurved, apex obliquely truncate .... 8 LEPTOCERINAE OF INDIA AND NORTH EAST BURMA 275 8 Posterior wing with an elongate area of androconia in cubito-anal area - Posterior wing without androconia ....... 9 Cerci long, slender ... . - Cerci short ........... 10 Lateral lobes of tenth tergite much longer than cerci . - Lateral lobes of tenth tergite only slightly longer than cerci 1 1 Cerci in side view clavate ........ - Cerci in side view ovate . ....... najus (Hagen) agastya Schmid castanea sp. n. 10 trifida sp. n. ii . fulva sp. n. bifasciata sp. n. FIGS. 38-39. Athripsodina marginata (Banks), wings. 38, $ ; 39, $. ATHRIPSODINA gen. n. (Text-figs. 38-39) cJ. Spurs 2, 2, 2. Antenna about twice as long as fore wing. Maxillary palpus with basal segment short, second about three times as long as first, third four-fifths as long as second, fourth slightly longer, and fifth slightly shorter, than third. Fore wing about four times as long as wide, apex acutely rounded. Discoidal cell nearly twice as long as thyridial cell, nearly three times as long as its footstalk. Forks R 2 and Cw ia present, the former with a long footstalk. M in hind wing unforked. 276 D. E. KIMMINS $. Antenna about one and a half times as long as fore wing. Fork M l present in fore wing, discoidal cell only one and a half times as long as thyridial cell. M in hind wing unforked. Type-species, Leptocerus marginatus Banks, 1911. Athripsodina is closely related to Athripsodes Billberg, in having fork M l present in the female fore wing, but differing in having M in the hind wing unforked in both sexes, as in Ptochoecetis Ulmer and Parasetodes McLachlan. In Ptochoecetis the media in the fore wing forks at the anastomosis and fork R 2 in the hind wing is wanting. In Athripsodina the media in the fore wing forks beyond the anastomosis and fork R 2 in the hind wing is present. The male genitalia of Athripsodina marginata (Banks) are rather of the pattern of Athripsodes fulva, and had it not been for the consistently unforked media in the hind wing, I should certainly have placed marginata Banks in the genus Athripsodes. Athripsodina marginata (Banks) comb. n. (Text-figs. 38-45) Leptocerus marginatus Banks, 1911 : 105 (Bengal, Pusa). Dr. P. J. Darlington, Jr., has kindly examined the type of this species for me and has confirmed that Banks's statement that fork 3 is absent in the hind wing means that the media is unforked, and that the anal area of the fore wing is white, in contrast to the dark brown pubescence bordering it anteriorly. I am giving a full description of both sexes, based upon British Museum material. Head warm brown, densely clothed with white pubescence above, and on frons with whitish and yellowish brown pubescence. Basal segments of antennae with whitish pubescence, remaining segments whitish basally, apices brownish, the brownish increasing in length towards apex of antenna. Maxillary palpi pale fuscous, with dense, paler pubescence, segments four and five flexible. Thorax brownish, with white pubescence dorsally, sides pale yellowish brown. Legs pale fuscous, with short, whitish pubescence. Abdomen brownish. Fore wing clothed with dense, short pubescence, anteriorly brownish mixed with greyish, the brownish gradually predominating posteriorly to give a rich brown band in the intercubital area. Beyond Cu 2 there is an abrupt change to white pubescence, which extends to the anal margin. The main veins in the area anterior to Cu 2 are marked with alternating brown and grey streaks, the latter the longer. Hind wing hyaline, with very sparse pubescence. cJ GENITALIA. Cerci fused with ninth segment to form a broad hood, its apical margin with a deep, U-shaped excision. Tenth tergite sub-triangular in dorsal view, its apex slightly dilated and convex. In side view, it is deep basally, tapering to a slender, slightly clavate apex. Aedeagus short and stout, upper and lower apical margins produced in slender fingers. Within the aedeagus are two short spines. The clasper in side view is curved sinuously upward and then caudad, terminating in a bifid apex. From beneath, the claspers form a pair of calipers, each with a wide, triangular projection on the inner, basal margin, and with a slender, digitate process about midway, directed caudad. Lower apical process short and curved, upper larger and irregularly dentate. $ GENITALIA. Ninth and tenth segments fused, dorsal apical margin of the tenth projecting as a rounded knob with, beneath it, a thin, transverse, bilobed plate. Lateral gonapophyses ovate in side view, triangular from beneath. Length of fore wing, <$, 8-n mm., $, 6-10 mm. LEPTOCERINAE OF INDIA AND NORTH EAST BURMA 277 40 44 FIGS. 40-45. Athripsodina marginata (Banks), genitalia. 40,